PREFIX ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/>
PREFIX p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/>
SELECT ?character ?characterLabel WHERE {
  ?film wdt:P161 wd:Q358345 .
  ?film p:P161 ?statement .
  ?statement ps:P161 wd:Q358345 .
  ?statement pq:P453 ?character .
  ?character rdfs:label ?characterLabel
  FILTER ( LANG( ?characterLabel ) = "en" )
}

Got 6 rows and 2 columns:
| character                    | characterLabel        |
| ---------------------------- | --------------------- |
| Harvey Dent (wd:Q104902573)  | Harvey Dent (en)      |
| self (wd:Q18086706)          | self (en)             |
| Lando Calrissian (wd:Q51799) | Lando Calrissian (en) |
| Lando Calrissian (wd:Q51799) | Lando Calrissian (en) |
| Lando Calrissian (wd:Q51799) | Lando Calrissian (en) |
| Lando Calrissian (wd:Q51799) | Lando Calrissian (en) |

Billy Dee Williams played the character Lando Calrissian in Star Wars.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] what character did billy d williams play in star wars?

[Assistant] Let's start by looking at some examples.

[Tool]
Example 1:
Question:
what government did japan have?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  wd:Q17 wdt:P122 ?x .
}

Using entities:
Japan, also known as State of Japan, Nippon-koku, Nippon, Nihon-koku, Nihon (wd:Q17): island country in East Asia

Using properties:
basic form of government, also known as form of government, government, type of government (wd:P122 as wdt): subject's government

Example 2:
Question:
what airport to fly into to get to clearwater florida?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  ?x wdt:P31 / wdt:P279 * wd:Q1248784 ; wdt:P131 wd:Q244146 .
}

Using entities:
airport, also known as aerodrome, air port, airports (wd:Q1248784): location where aircraft take off and land with extended support facilities, mostly for commercial air transport
Clearwater, also known as Clearwater, FL, City of Clearwater, Clearwater, Florida (wd:Q244146): county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, United States

Using properties:
located in the administrative territorial entity, also known as is in the settlement of, is in the voivodeship of, is in the shire of, is in the state of, is in the territory of (wd:P131 as wdt): the item is located on the territory of the following administra...if the item falls only partially into the administrative entity., location, part of
subclass of, also known as rdfs:subClassOf, sort of, subcategory of, subgenre of, subtype of (wd:P279 as wdt): this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; ALL instances of ...stance of volcanic landform); Everest is an instance of mountain
instance of, also known as unitary element of class, has type, unique individual of, type, item of type (wd:P31 as wdt): that class of which this subject is a particular example and mem...is a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform)

Example 3:
Question:
what was eli whitney education?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  wd:Q280930 wdt:P69 ?x .
}

Using entities:
Eli Whitney, also known as Eli Whitney Jr. (wd:Q280930): American inventor (1765-1825), tax collector, entrepreneur, politician, inventor, engineer

Using properties:
educated at, also known as graduated from, graduate of, place of education, school attended, schooled at (wd:P69 as wdt): educational institution attended by subject, affiliation

[Assistant]
The question is about the character played by Billy Dee Williams in Star Wars. We need to find the entity for Billy Dee Williams and then find the character he played in the Star Wars franchise.

Step 1: Search for the entity "Billy Dee Williams" in Wikidata.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Billy Dee Williams, also known as William December Williams Jr., William December "Billy Dee" Williams Jr. (wd:Q358345): American actor (born 1937), recording artist, television actor, screenwriter, voice actor, film actor, novelist, painter, writer, singer, actor
2. Billy Dee Williams Self-Portrait (wd:Q47513010): painting by Billy Dee Williams
3. Bill Maynard, also known as Billy Williams (wd:Q3736724): English comedian and actor (1928–2018), association football player, stand-up comedian, television actor, stage actor, actor
4. Billy Williams (wd:Q123745): British cinematographer, camera operator, cinematographer, film actor, actor
5. Billy Williams, also known as Billy Leo Williams (wd:Q4913471): American former professional baseball outfielder, baseball player
6. Billy Williams, also known as Wilfred Williams (wd:Q3640062): American basketball player, basketball player
7. Billy Dee (wd:Q4912456): American pornographic actor, pornographic actor, actor
8. Billy Williams, also known as Wilfred Williams (wd:Q863272): African-American singer (1910-1972), singer
9. Billy Williams, also known as Billy Louis Williams (wd:Q18619122): American football player
10. Billy Williams, also known as William "Billy" Williams (wd:Q4913467): English footballer, born 1876, association football player

[Assistant] The entity for Billy Dee Williams is wd:Q358345. Now, I will search for the property that relates to the character he played in a film or TV series, specifically in Star Wars. This might be something like "character role" or "cast member role." I will search for properties related to "character" or "role" for this entity.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. occupation, also known as job, work, vocation, profession, employment (wd:P106 as p/wdt): occupation of a person; see also "field of work" (Property:P101), "position held" (Property:P39)
2. instrument, also known as uses this instrument, teaches instrument, instruments, plays this instrument, plays instrument (wd:P1303 as p/wdt): musical instrument that a person plays or teaches or used in a music occupation, uses
3. Swedish Film Database person ID, also known as Swedish Film Database person ID, svenskfilmdatabas.se/sv/item/?type=person, SFI person ID, SFDb person ID, Svensk Filmdatabas person ID (wd:P2168 as p/wdt): identifier for a person on the Swedish Film Database (SFDb)
4. TMDB person ID, also known as TMDb person identifier, the movie db person id, themoviedb.org person identifier, themoviedb.org person ID, The Movie Database person identifier (wd:P4985 as p/wdt): identifier for a person at The Movie Database
5. languages spoken, written or signed, also known as language of expression, language, wrote language, writes language, uses language (wd:P1412 as p/wdt): language(s) that a person or a people speaks, writes or signs, including the native language(s)
6. image, also known as still capture, still, screenshot, screen capture, portrait (wd:P18 as p/wdt): image of relevant illustration of the subject; if available, als...tor map, flag image, signature image, logo image, collage image)
7. genre, also known as genre of music, type of music, type of film, music genre, literary genre (wd:P136 as p/wdt): creative work's genre or an artist's field of work (P101). Use main subject (P921) to relate creative works to their topic
8. Behind The Voice Actors person ID, also known as behindthevoiceactors.com person ID, BTVA person ID, BTVA ID (wd:P5007 as p/wdt): identifier of a person on the website Behind The Voice Actors
9. sex or gender, also known as gender or sex, sex, gender identity, gender expression, gender (wd:P21 as p/wdt): sex or gender identity of human or animal. For human: male, fema...m, female organism. Groups of same gender use subclass of (P279)
10. country of citizenship, also known as subject of (country), nation of citizenship, national of, nationality, nation (wd:P27 as p/wdt): the object is a country that recognizes the subject as its citizen, country

No other items found

[Assistant] The search for a direct property related to the character role played by Billy Dee Williams did not yield a clear property. I will try a different approach: I will search for the films or TV series in which Billy Dee Williams acted and then check the character he played in those works. I will first find the films or TV series he acted in.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. genre, also known as genre of music, type of music, type of film, music genre, literary genre (wd:P136 as p/wdt): creative work's genre or an artist's field of work (P101). Use main subject (P921) to relate creative works to their topic
2. filmography, also known as list of films with the person, list of films the person contributed to, list of films about the person (wd:P1283 as p/wdt): item for the list of films a person has contributed to. Don't us...mber" (P161) on items for films, directors with "director" (P57), list of works
3. Filmportal ID, also known as Filmportal (wd:P2639 as p/wdt): identifier of the German Filmportal.de
4. award received, also known as win, winner of, recognition title, received award, prize received (wd:P166 as p/wdt): award or recognition received by a person, organization or creative work
5. image, also known as still capture, still, screenshot, screen capture, portrait (wd:P18 as p/wdt): image of relevant illustration of the subject; if available, als...tor map, flag image, signature image, logo image, collage image)
6. instrument, also known as uses this instrument, teaches instrument, instruments, plays this instrument, plays instrument (wd:P1303 as p/wdt): musical instrument that a person plays or teaches or used in a music occupation, uses
7. occupation, also known as job, work, vocation, profession, employment (wd:P106 as p/wdt): occupation of a person; see also "field of work" (Property:P101), "position held" (Property:P39)
8. languages spoken, written or signed, also known as language of expression, language, wrote language, writes language, uses language (wd:P1412 as p/wdt): language(s) that a person or a people speaks, writes or signs, including the native language(s)
9. field of work, also known as scientific discipline, scientific area, responsible for, research on, research fields (wd:P101 as p/wdt): specialization of a person or organization; see P106 for the occupation, interested in
10. country of citizenship, also known as subject of (country), nation of citizenship, national of, nationality, nation (wd:P27 as p/wdt): the object is a country that recognizes the subject as its citizen, country

No other items found

[Assistant] The property "filmography" (wdt:P1283) seems relevant as it relates to the list of films a person has contributed to. I will use this property to find the films or TV series Billy Dee Williams has acted in. Then I will check for the character he played in Star Wars.

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| film         |
| ------------ |
| wd:Q25055080 |

[Assistant] Billy Dee Williams has contributed to the film or TV series with the entity wd:Q25055080. Now I will check what this entity is and if it is related to Star Wars.

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 2 columns:
| film | filmLabel                           |
| ---- | ----------------------------------- |
|      | Billy Dee Williams filmography (en) |

[Assistant] The entity wd:Q25055080 represents "Billy Dee Williams filmography," which is a list and not a specific film or TV series. I need to find the individual films or TV series in which Billy Dee Williams acted. I will try to find the property "cast member" or "character role" for films or TV series where he acted. I will try to find the films or TV series where he is a cast member.

[Tool] Got no rows and 3 columns

[Assistant] The property wdt:P161 (cast member) does not appear directly for Billy Dee Williams. I will try another property that might indicate the films or TV series he acted in, such as "participant in" (wdt:P1344) or "performer" (wdt:P175). I will try "performer" first.

[Tool] Got no rows and 3 columns

[Assistant] The property "performer" (wdt:P175) also does not directly link Billy Dee Williams to films or TV series. I will try to find the films or TV series where he is mentioned as an actor using the property "cast member" (wdt:P161) but with the object as Billy Dee Williams. This means I will look for films or TV series where Billy Dee Williams is a cast member.

[Tool]
Got 55 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject                                                      | property               | object                          |
| ------------------------------------------------------------ | ---------------------- | ------------------------------- |
| Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back (wd:Q181795)  | cast member (wdt:P161) | Billy Dee Williams (wd:Q358345) |
| Star Wars: Episode VI – Return of the Jedi (wd:Q181803)      | cast member (wdt:P161) | Billy Dee Williams (wd:Q358345) |
| Batman (wd:Q116852)                                          | cast member (wdt:P161) | Billy Dee Williams (wd:Q358345) |
| Modern Family (wd:Q16756)                                    | cast member (wdt:P161) | Billy Dee Williams (wd:Q358345) |
| NCIS (wd:Q4525)                                              | cast member (wdt:P161) | Billy Dee Williams (wd:Q358345) |
| Star Wars: Episode IX – The Rise of Skywalker (wd:Q20977110) | cast member (wdt:P161) | Billy Dee Williams (wd:Q358345) |
| The Conversation (wd:Q1009788)                               | cast member (wdt:P161) | Billy Dee Williams (wd:Q358345) |
| Dynasty (wd:Q584025)                                         | cast member (wdt:P161) | Billy Dee Williams (wd:Q358345) |
| Private Practice (wd:Q283393)                                | cast member (wdt:P161) | Billy Dee Williams (wd:Q358345) |
| I Am Not Your Negro (wd:Q27038025)                           | cast member (wdt:P161) | Billy Dee Williams (wd:Q358345) |
| ...                                                          | ...                    | ...                             |

[Assistant]
Billy Dee Williams is a cast member in several films and TV series, including Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back (wd:Q181795), Star Wars: Episode VI – Return of the Jedi (wd:Q181803), and Star Wars: Episode IX – The Rise of Skywalker (wd:Q20977110).

Now I will check the character he played in these Star Wars films. I will start by checking the character he played in "Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back" (wd:Q181795).

[Tool] Got no rows and 3 columns

[Assistant] The property wdt:P453 (character role) did not return any results for the film "Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back." I will try another property that might indicate the character played by an actor in a film, such as "character role" (wdt:P725) or "portrayed by" (wdt:P1441). I will try "character role" (wdt:P725) for the film.

[Tool]
Got 5 rows and 3 columns:
| subject                                                     | property               | object                        |
| ----------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------- | ----------------------------- |
| Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back (wd:Q181795) | voice actor (wdt:P725) | James Earl Jones (wd:Q203960) |
| Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back (wd:Q181795) | voice actor (wdt:P725) | Frank Oz (wd:Q311319)         |
| Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back (wd:Q181795) | voice actor (wdt:P725) | Temuera Morrison (wd:Q529851) |
| Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back (wd:Q181795) | voice actor (wdt:P725) | Clive Revill (wd:Q725399)     |
| Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back (wd:Q181795) | voice actor (wdt:P725) | Jason Wingreen (wd:Q2490894)  |

[Assistant] The property wdt:P725 (voice actor) lists voice actors for the film but does not directly link characters to actors. I will try to find the character played by Billy Dee Williams in the Star Wars films by checking the statements for Billy Dee Williams related to "character role" or "role played." I will search for properties of Billy Dee Williams related to "character" or "role."

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. instance of, also known as unitary element of class, has type, unique individual of, type, item of type (wd:P31 as p/wdt): that class of which this subject is a particular example and mem...is a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform)
2. genre, also known as genre of music, type of music, type of film, music genre, literary genre (wd:P136 as p/wdt): creative work's genre or an artist's field of work (P101). Use main subject (P921) to relate creative works to their topic
3. image, also known as still capture, still, screenshot, screen capture, portrait (wd:P18 as p/wdt): image of relevant illustration of the subject; if available, als...tor map, flag image, signature image, logo image, collage image)
4. occupation, also known as job, work, vocation, profession, employment (wd:P106 as p/wdt): occupation of a person; see also "field of work" (Property:P101), "position held" (Property:P39)
5. given name, also known as name, proper name, personal name, middle name, forename (wd:P735 as p/wdt): first name or another given name of this person; values used with the property should not link disambiguations nor family names, name
6. country of citizenship, also known as subject of (country), nation of citizenship, national of, nationality, nation (wd:P27 as p/wdt): the object is a country that recognizes the subject as its citizen, country
7. languages spoken, written or signed, also known as language of expression, language, wrote language, writes language, uses language (wd:P1412 as p/wdt): language(s) that a person or a people speaks, writes or signs, including the native language(s)
8. Swedish Film Database person ID, also known as Swedish Film Database person ID, svenskfilmdatabas.se/sv/item/?type=person, SFI person ID, SFDb person ID, Svensk Filmdatabas person ID (wd:P2168 as p/wdt): identifier for a person on the Swedish Film Database (SFDb)
9. date of birth, also known as year of birth, birthdate, DOB, born on, born (wd:P569 as p/wdt): date on which the subject was born, inception
10. sex or gender, also known as gender or sex, sex, gender identity, gender expression, gender (wd:P21 as p/wdt): sex or gender identity of human or animal. For human: male, fema...m, female organism. Groups of same gender use subclass of (P279)

No other items found

[Assistant] There is no direct property for "character" or "role" for Billy Dee Williams. I will try a different approach: I will check the statements for the Star Wars films where Billy Dee Williams is a cast member and see if there is a qualifier or statement indicating the character he played. I will check the statements for "Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back" (wd:Q181795) related to cast members.

[Tool]
Got 27 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject                                                     | property               | object                          |
| ----------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------- | ------------------------------- |
| Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back (wd:Q181795) | cast member (wdt:P161) | Carrie Fisher (wd:Q108941)      |
| Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back (wd:Q181795) | cast member (wdt:P161) | Alec Guinness (wd:Q103894)      |
| Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back (wd:Q181795) | cast member (wdt:P161) | Mark Hamill (wd:Q210447)        |
| Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back (wd:Q181795) | cast member (wdt:P161) | Frank Oz (wd:Q311319)           |
| Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back (wd:Q181795) | cast member (wdt:P161) | Peter Mayhew (wd:Q560552)       |
| Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back (wd:Q181795) | cast member (wdt:P161) | Anthony Daniels (wd:Q441685)    |
| Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back (wd:Q181795) | cast member (wdt:P161) | Treat Williams (wd:Q352730)     |
| Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back (wd:Q181795) | cast member (wdt:P161) | David Prowse (wd:Q128379)       |
| Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back (wd:Q181795) | cast member (wdt:P161) | Ian McDiarmid (wd:Q315495)      |
| Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back (wd:Q181795) | cast member (wdt:P161) | Billy Dee Williams (wd:Q358345) |
| ...                                                         | ...                    | ...                             |

[Assistant] Billy Dee Williams is listed as a cast member in "Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back." I will now check if there is a statement or qualifier linking Billy Dee Williams to a character in this film. I will look for statements about the cast member property with qualifiers for the character played.

[Tool]
Got 970 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject                                                     | property                     | object                                                 |
| ----------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------ |
| Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back (wd:Q181795) | instance of (wdt:P31)        | film (wd:Q11424)                                       |
| Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back (wd:Q181795) | title (wdt:P1476)            | Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back (en)    |
| Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back (wd:Q181795) | publication date (wdt:P577)  | 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime)                    |
| Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back (wd:Q181795) | main subject (wdt:P921)      | flying saucer (wd:Q5401971)                            |
| Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back (wd:Q181795) | Commons category (wdt:P373)  | Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back         |
| Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back (wd:Q181795) | part of (wdt:P361)           | National Film Registry (wd:Q823422)                    |
| Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back (wd:Q181795) | described at URL (wdt:P973)  | <http://www.movist.com/movist3d/movie.asp?mid=135>     |
| Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back (wd:Q181795) | country of origin (wdt:P495) | United States (wd:Q30)                                 |
| Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back (wd:Q181795) | official website (wdt:P856)  | <http://www.starwars.com/explore/the-movies/episode-v> |
| Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back (wd:Q181795) | genre (wdt:P136)             | action film (wd:Q188473)                               |
| ...                                                         | ...                          | ...                                                    |

[Assistant] The list of statements for "Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back" is large and does not directly show a property linking cast members to their characters. I will try a different approach: I will search for the character played by Billy Dee Williams directly by searching for statements where Billy Dee Williams is the subject and the property might be "character role" or similar. I will try to list all properties for Billy Dee Williams to find a relevant property.

[Tool]
Got 474 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject                         | property                         | object                                                                                |
| ------------------------------- | -------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Billy Dee Williams (wd:Q358345) | instance of (wdt:P31)            | human (wd:Q5)                                                                                |
| Billy Dee Williams (wd:Q358345) | occupation (wdt:P106)            | actor (wd:Q33999)                                                                                |
| Billy Dee Williams (wd:Q358345) | sex or gender (wdt:P21)          | male (wd:Q6581097)                                                                                |
| Billy Dee Williams (wd:Q358345) | given name (wdt:P735)            | William (wd:Q12344159)                                                                                |
| Billy Dee Williams (wd:Q358345) | date of birth (wdt:P569)         | 1937-04-06T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime)                                                                                |
| Billy Dee Williams (wd:Q358345) | Commons category (wdt:P373)      | Billy Dee Williams                                                                                |
| Billy Dee Williams (wd:Q358345) | image (wdt:P18)                  | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Billy%20Dee%20Williams%20Photo%20Op%20GalaxyCon%20Raleigh%202023%20%28cropped%29.jpg> |
| Billy Dee Williams (wd:Q358345) | country of citizenship (wdt:P27) | United States (wd:Q30)                                                                                |
| Billy Dee Williams (wd:Q358345) | family name (wdt:P734)           | Williams (wd:Q1688722)                                                                                |
| Billy Dee Williams (wd:Q358345) | place of birth (wdt:P19)         | New York City (wd:Q60)                                                                                |
| ...                             | ...                              | ...                                                                                |

[Assistant] The properties for Billy Dee Williams do not directly show a character role or similar. I will try to find the character played by Billy Dee Williams in Star Wars by searching for the character entity with a label related to Billy Dee Williams or the Star Wars franchise. I will search for entities with the label "Billy Dee Williams Star Wars character."

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Weekend Update: Billy Dee Williams on the New Star Wars (wd:Q110059120): sketch from Saturday Night Live
2. Billy Dee Williams, also known as William December Williams Jr., William December "Billy Dee" Williams Jr. (wd:Q358345): American actor (born 1937), recording artist, television actor, screenwriter, voice actor, film actor, novelist, painter, writer, singer, actor
3. character from Star Wars, also known as Star Wars character (wd:Q33125444): character from the Star Wars universe
4. Billy Dee Williams Self-Portrait (wd:Q47513010): painting by Billy Dee Williams
5. Dominion Wars, also known as Star Trek: Deep Space Nine - Dominion Wars, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine: Dominion Wars (wd:Q7600965): 2001 video game
6. Star Wars: The Essential Guide to Characters, also known as Star Wars: The Essential Guide To Characters (wd:Q60856184): 1995 Star Wars reference guide by Andy Mangels
7. Star Wars, also known as 1977 Star Wars (wd:Q462): epic space opera multimedia franchise created by George Lucas
8. Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope, also known as 1977 Star Wars, A New Hope, Star Wars, Star Wars: A New Hope, Star Wars: Episode IV (wd:Q17738): 1977 film directed by George Lucas
9. Star Wars, also known as Star Wars: The Arcade Game (wd:Q54317): 1983 video game
10. Bill Maynard, also known as Billy Williams (wd:Q3736724): English comedian and actor (1928–2018), association football player, stand-up comedian, television actor, stage actor, actor

[Assistant] There is no direct entity for the character played by Billy Dee Williams in Star Wars from the search results. However, I know from general knowledge that Billy Dee Williams played the character "Lando Calrissian" in Star Wars. I will verify this by searching for the entity "Lando Calrissian" in Wikidata.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Lando Calrissian, also known as Landonis Balthazar Calrissian III (wd:Q51799): fictional character in the Star Wars universe, businessperson, starship pilot, gambler, rebel
2. Lando Calrissian, also known as 1980 Lando Calrissian (wd:Q131785860): 1980 Star Wars miniature action figure
3. Lando Calrissian's father, also known as Lindo Calrissian (wd:Q117718181)
4. The Adventures of Lando Calrissian (wd:Q7712567): series of Star Wars novels
5. Lando Calrissian and the Flamewind of Oseon (wd:Q6484849): novel by L. Neil Smith
6. Lando Calrissian and the Mindharp of Sharu (wd:Q6484850): novel by L. Neil Smith
7. Lando Calrissian and the Starcave of ThonBoka (wd:Q16995885): Star Wars novel by L. Neil Smith
8. Lando, also known as Pope Lando (wd:Q104798): Pope from 913 to 914, Catholic priest
9. Landò (wd:Q2443775): human settlement in Malonno, Province of Brescia, Lombardy, Italy
10. Lando (wd:Q1803652): German-bred Thoroughbred racehorse

[Assistant] The entity for Lando Calrissian is wd:Q51799. Now I will check if Billy Dee Williams is linked to this character as the actor who portrayed him. I will check the statements for Lando Calrissian to find the actor who portrayed this character.

[Tool]
Got 258 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject                      | property                                        | object                                                                          |
| ---------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Lando Calrissian (wd:Q51799) | instance of (wdt:P31)                           | literary character (wd:Q3658341)                                                |
| Lando Calrissian (wd:Q51799) | occupation (wdt:P106)                           | businessperson (wd:Q43845)                                                      |
| Lando Calrissian (wd:Q51799) | sex or gender (wdt:P21)                         | male (wd:Q6581097)                                                              |
| Lando Calrissian (wd:Q51799) | given name (wdt:P735)                           | Lando (wd:Q3826765)                                                             |
| Lando Calrissian (wd:Q51799) | Commons category (wdt:P373)                     | Lando Calrissian                                                                |
| Lando Calrissian (wd:Q51799) | image (wdt:P18)                                 | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Billy%20Dee%20Williams.jpg> |
| Lando Calrissian (wd:Q51799) | languages spoken, written or signed (wdt:P1412) | languages in Star Wars (wd:Q2524477)                                            |
| Lando Calrissian (wd:Q51799) | child (wdt:P40)                                 | Kadara Calrissian (wd:Q117740429)                                               |
| Lando Calrissian (wd:Q51799) | creator (wdt:P170)                              | George Lucas (wd:Q38222)                                                        |
| Lando Calrissian (wd:Q51799) | height (wdt:P2048)                              | 177 (xsd:decimal)                                                               |
| ...                          | ...                                             | ...                                                                             |

[Assistant] I will now check if there is a property linking Lando Calrissian to the actor who portrayed him, such as "portrayed by" or "actor." I will search for properties of Lando Calrissian related to "actor" or "portrayed."

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. performer, also known as actor, sung by, singer, recording by, recorded by (wd:P175 as p/wdt): actor, musician, band or other performer associated with this role or musical work, contributor to the creative work or subject
2. present in work, also known as is shown in, in work, in narrative, character in, from work (wd:P1441 as p/wdt): this (fictional or fictionalized) entity, place, or person appea...r works, P1343 for entities described in non-fictional accounts)
3. creator, also known as created by, visual artist, sculptor, sculpted by, realized by (wd:P170 as p/wdt): maker of this creative work or other object (where no more specific property exists)
4. derivative work, also known as is source work of, is adapted as, is the basis for, iteration, reboot (wd:P4969 as p/wdt): new work of art (film, book, software, etc.) derived from major part of this work
5. image, also known as still capture, still, screenshot, screen capture, portrait (wd:P18 as p/wdt): image of relevant illustration of the subject; if available, als...tor map, flag image, signature image, logo image, collage image)
6. instance of, also known as unitary element of class, has type, unique individual of, type, item of type (wd:P31 as p/wdt): that class of which this subject is a particular example and mem...is a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform)
7. media franchise, also known as franchise, mass media franchise, media mix, presented in media franchise (wd:P8345 as p/wdt): this creative work belongs to this media franchise
8. first appearance, also known as debut, present initially in, introduced in work, initial appearance, first film (wd:P4584 as p/wdt): work in which a fictional/mythical character or entity first appeared, present in work
9. languages spoken, written or signed, also known as language of expression, language, wrote language, writes language, uses language (wd:P1412 as p/wdt): language(s) that a person or a people speaks, writes or signs, including the native language(s)
10. from narrative universe, also known as from narrative, in continuity, from universe, in cycle, in world of (wd:P1080 as p/wdt): subject's fictional entity is in the object narrative. See also P1441 (present in work) and P1445 (fictional universe described in), part of

No other items found

[Assistant] The property "performer" (wdt:P175) seems to be the relevant property linking a character to the actor who portrayed them. I will check the values of this property for Lando Calrissian.

[Tool]
Got 2 rows and 3 columns:
| subject                      | property             | object                          |
| ---------------------------- | -------------------- | ------------------------------- |
| Lando Calrissian (wd:Q51799) | performer (wdt:P175) | Donald Glover (wd:Q1239933)     |
| Lando Calrissian (wd:Q51799) | performer (wdt:P175) | Billy Dee Williams (wd:Q358345) |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=retry):
The SPARQL query is incorrect because it tries to find a character (?character) such that Billy Dee Williams (wd:Q358345) is the performer (wdt:P175) of that character, but the query filters for ?character = wd:Q51799 (Lando Calrissian) which is contradictory and results in no rows. Also, the property wdt:P175 (performer) is used incorrectly here; it is typically used to link a work to its performer, not an actor to a character. Instead, the query should find the character that Billy Dee Williams played in Star Wars by querying for an entity that is a character in Star Wars and has Billy Dee Williams as the actor. A better approach is to find the character with a property indicating the actor is Billy Dee Williams (e.g., wdt:P453 'character role' or wdt:P725 'character role' or wdt:P161 'cast member' depending on the data model). The current query returns no results, so it needs to be reworked to correctly retrieve the character played by Billy Dee Williams in Star Wars.

[Assistant]
Thank you for the feedback. I understand the mistake. The property wdt:P175 (performer) is used to link a work to its performer, not an actor to a character. Instead, I should find the character entity that has a property indicating Billy Dee Williams as the actor who portrayed the character.

I will try to find characters in the Star Wars universe (instance of "Star Wars character") that have the property "portrayed by" or "actor" linking to Billy Dee Williams (wd:Q358345). I will search for entities that are instance of "Star Wars character" (wd:Q33125444) and have a property linking to Billy Dee Williams.

I will first find the property "portrayed by" or similar for characters.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. depicted by, also known as acted by, shown in, seen in, portrayed by, played by (wd:P1299 as ps/psv/wdtn/pr/p/wdt/pqv/prn/prv/pqn/pq/psn): object depicting this subject (object being creative works such as books, films, paintings)
2. performer, also known as actor, sung by, singer, recording by, recorded by (wd:P175 as ps/psv/wdtn/pr/p/wdt/pqv/prn/prv/pqn/pq/psn): actor, musician, band or other performer associated with this role or musical work, contributor to the creative work or subject
3. used by, also known as armiger, user, played by, of (wd:P1535 as ps/psv/wdtn/pr/p/wdt/pqv/prn/prv/pqn/pq/psn): item or concept that makes use of the subject (use sub-properties when appropriate)
4. name of the character role, also known as character named as, role named as, role name, name of the role, name of the character (wd:P4633 as ps/psv/wdtn/pr/p/wdt/pqv/prn/prv/pqn/pq/psn): name by which a character role is recorded in a database or ment...ably a specific performance of a theatrical production of a play, name
5. notable role, also known as notable character role, notable for character role, notable for role (wd:P10606 as ps/psv/wdtn/pr/p/wdt/pqv/prn/prv/pqn/pq/psn): role in a theatrical, motion picture, television, or other work that a performer is particularly known for, notable work
6. describes actor of (wd:P12027 as ps/psv/wdtn/pr/p/wdt/pqv/prn/prv/pqn/pq/psn): predicate sense whose actor (an agent or a cause—basically the instigator of an action) is denoted by this sense
7. cast member, also known as feat., starring (film/play), film starring, starring, actor (wd:P161 as ps/psv/wdtn/pr/p/wdt/pqv/prn/prv/pqn/pq/psn): actor in the subject production [use "character role" (P453) and...use "recorded participant" (P11108) for non-fiction productions], significant person, performer
8. character role, also known as role, plays, performer of, as, acting role (wd:P453 as ps/psv/wdtn/pr/p/wdt/pqv/prn/prv/pqn/pq/psn): specific role played or filled by subject -- use only as qualifier of "cast member" (P161), "voice actor" (P725)
9. agents of action have role, also known as actors have role, agent has role, agent of action has role, agents have role, done by agent(s) with role (wd:P12993 as ps/psv/wdtn/pr/p/wdt/pqv/prn/prv/pqn/pq/psn): role that agents of this action take on in the context of this action
10. present in work, also known as is shown in, in work, in narrative, character in, from work (wd:P1441 as ps/psv/wdtn/pr/p/wdt/pqv/prn/prv/pqn/pq/psn): this (fictional or fictionalized) entity, place, or person appea...r works, P1343 for entities described in non-fictional accounts)

[Assistant] The property "depicted by" (wdt:P1299) is described as "portrayed by" or "played by" and seems to be the correct property to link a character to the actor who portrayed them. I will now find the character that has Billy Dee Williams (wd:Q358345) as the value for this property.

[Tool] Got no rows and 2 columns

[Assistant] No character entity is directly linked to Billy Dee Williams using the property "depicted by" (wdt:P1299). I will try the property "character role" (wdt:P453) which is used as a qualifier for "cast member" (wdt:P161) to find the character he played in Star Wars. I will query for films where Billy Dee Williams is a cast member and get the character role qualifier.

[Tool]
Got 6 rows and 4 columns:
| film                                                         | filmLabel                                           | character                    | characterLabel        |
| ------------------------------------------------------------ | --------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------- | --------------------- |
| Batman (wd:Q116852)                                          | Batman (en)                                         | Harvey Dent (wd:Q104902573)  | Harvey Dent (en)      |
| Dancing with the Stars, season 18 (wd:Q16989073)             | Dancing with the Stars, season 18 (en)              | self (wd:Q18086706)          | self (en)             |
| Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back (wd:Q181795)  | Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back (en) | Lando Calrissian (wd:Q51799) | Lando Calrissian (en) |
| Star Wars: Episode VI – Return of the Jedi (wd:Q181803)      | Star Wars: Episode VI – Return of the Jedi (en)     | Lando Calrissian (wd:Q51799) | Lando Calrissian (en) |
| Star Wars: Episode IX – The Rise of Skywalker (wd:Q20977110) | Star Wars: Episode IX – The Rise of Skywalker (en)  | Lando Calrissian (wd:Q51799) | Lando Calrissian (en) |
| Star Wars original trilogy (wd:Q25540859)                    | Star Wars original trilogy (en)                     | Lando Calrissian (wd:Q51799) | Lando Calrissian (en) |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=done):
The answer correctly identifies that Billy Dee Williams played the character Lando Calrissian in Star Wars, which is the expected and well-known role. The SPARQL query is appropriate as it retrieves the character roles Billy Dee Williams played in films, filtered by the qualifier for character role. The query results include multiple entries for Lando Calrissian, which is consistent with his recurring role in the Star Wars franchise. The presence of other roles like Harvey Dent and self is likely due to other works or appearances, but the main relevant answer to the question is clearly provided. Overall, the output is correct and complete.


PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
SELECT ?school ?schoolLabel WHERE {
  wd:Q9123 wdt:P69 ?school .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?school rdfs:label ?schoolLabel FILTER ( LANG( ?schoolLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}

Got 4 rows and 2 columns:
| school                                | schoolLabel                   |
| ------------------------------------- | ----------------------------- |
| Nelson College (wd:Q1976962)          | Nelson College (en)           |
| Trinity College (wd:Q332342)          | Trinity College (en)          |
| University of Cambridge (wd:Q35794)   | University of Cambridge (en)  |
| University of Canterbury (wd:Q432475) | University of Canterbury (en) |

Sir Ernest Rutherford went to the following schools: University of Cambridge, Trinity College, University of Canterbury, and Nelson College.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] what school did sir ernest rutherford go to?

[Assistant] Let's start by looking at some examples.

[Tool]
Example 1:
Question:
what type of government does fiji have?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  wd:Q712 wdt:P122 ?x .
}

Using entities:
Fiji, also known as FIJ, Fijī, Fijī Gaṇarājya, fj, Matanitu Tugalala o Viti (wd:Q712): island sovereign state in Oceania

Using properties:
basic form of government, also known as form of government, government, type of government (wd:P122 as wdt): subject's government

Example 2:
Question:
what airlines hub in phoenix?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  ?x wdt:P113 ?p .
  ?p wdt:P131 wd:Q16556 .
}

Using entities:
Phoenix, also known as City of Phoenix, Valley of the Sun, PHX, Phoenix, Arizona, Phoenix, AZ (wd:Q16556): city in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States

Using properties:
airline hub, also known as hub airport, hub (wd:P113 as wdt): airport that serves as a hub for an airline
located in the administrative territorial entity, also known as is in the settlement of, is in the voivodeship of, is in the shire of, is in the state of, is in the territory of (wd:P131 as wdt): the item is located on the territory of the following administra...if the item falls only partially into the administrative entity., location, part of

Example 3:
Question:
what did mozart do to become famous?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  wd:Q254 wdt:P106 ?x .
}

Using entities:
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, also known as Wolfgango Amadeo Mozart, W. A. Mozart, Volphnkank Amedaios Motsart, Wolfgang Amadeus Chrysostom Mozart, Wolfgang Gottlieb Mozart (wd:Q254): Austrian composer of the Classical period (1756-1791), music educator, violinist, organist, composer, musician, pianist

Using properties:
occupation, also known as job, work, vocation, profession, employment (wd:P106 as wdt): occupation of a person; see also "field of work" (Property:P101), "position held" (Property:P39)

[Assistant]
The question is "what school did sir ernest rutherford go to?" We want to find the educational institution(s) attended by Sir Ernest Rutherford.

Step 1: Identify the entity for "Sir Ernest Rutherford."
Step 2: Identify the property that relates a person to the school they attended. Common properties for this are "educated at" (wdt:P69).

I will start by searching for the entity "Ernest Rutherford" in Wikidata.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Ernest Rutherford, also known as Ernest Rutherford, primer barón Rutherford. de Nelson, E. Rutherford, Ernest Lord Rutherford, Ernest, Lord Rutherford (wd:Q9123): New Zealand physicist (1871–1937), university teacher, nuclear physicist, politician, professor, physicist, chemist
2. Ernest Rutherford (wd:Q41065867): scientific article
3. Ernest Rutherford (wd:Q67472783): scientific article published on April 12, 1976
4. Rutherford, Ernest (wd:Q103848810): encyclopedia article
5. Ernest Rutherford memorial (wd:Q122699205)
6. Ernest Rutherford, Baron Rutherford of Nelson, Fellow and Physicist, also known as Ernest Rutherford (1871–1937), B... of Nelson, Fellow and Physicist, Sir Ernest Rutherford (wd:Q117280779): painting by Philip de László
7. Ernest Rutherford, Baron Rutherford (wd:Q28051464): painting by Sir James Gunn
8. Ernest Rutherford (1871–1937) (wd:Q119248228): painting by Oswald Birley
9. Ernest R. Groves, also known as Ernest Rutherford Groves (wd:Q94624961): professor
10. Ernest Rutherford Special Collection (wd:Q62035565): Archival collection held at the McGill University Archives

[Assistant] The entity for Sir Ernest Rutherford is wd:Q9123. Now, I will look for the property that indicates the school he attended. The common property for this is "educated at" (wdt:P69). I will check the values of this property for this entity.

[Tool]
Got 4 rows and 3 columns:
| subject                      | property              | object                                |
| ---------------------------- | --------------------- | ------------------------------------- |
| Ernest Rutherford (wd:Q9123) | educated at (wdt:P69) | University of Cambridge (wd:Q35794)   |
| Ernest Rutherford (wd:Q9123) | educated at (wdt:P69) | Trinity College (wd:Q332342)          |
| Ernest Rutherford (wd:Q9123) | educated at (wdt:P69) | University of Canterbury (wd:Q432475) |
| Ernest Rutherford (wd:Q9123) | educated at (wdt:P69) | Nelson College (wd:Q1976962)          |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=done):
The SPARQL query correctly retrieves all educational institutions attended by Sir Ernest Rutherford using the property 'educated at' (wdt:P69). The query also includes English labels for the schools, which is helpful for readability. The answer lists four schools, matching the query results, and is complete and accurate. No further refinement is necessary.


PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
SELECT ?school ?schoolLabel WHERE {
  wd:Q2190766 wdt:P69 ?school .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?school rdfs:label ?schoolLabel FILTER ( LANG( ?schoolLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}

Got 3 rows and 2 columns:
| school                                   | schoolLabel                     |
| ---------------------------------------- | ------------------------------- |
| Juneau-Douglas High School (wd:Q6312473) | Juneau-Douglas High School (en) |
| Wasilla High School (wd:Q7972657)        | Wasilla High School (en)        |
| West Anchorage High School (wd:Q7984309) | West Anchorage High School (en) |

Bristol Palin went to Juneau-Douglas High School, Wasilla High School, and West Anchorage High School.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] where did bristol palin go to school?

[Assistant] Let's start by looking at some examples.

[Tool]
Example 1:
Question:
who played atticus finch in the movie?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  ?p p:P161 ?y .
  ?y ps:P161 ?x ; pq:P453 wd:Q525777 .
}

Using entities:
Atticus Finch (wd:Q525777): fictional character from To Kill a Mockingbird, lawyer

Using properties:
cast member, also known as feat., starring (film/play), film starring, starring, actor (wd:P161 as p/ps): actor in the subject production [use "character role" (P453) and...use "recorded participant" (P11108) for non-fiction productions], significant person, performer
character role, also known as role, plays, performer of, as, acting role (wd:P453 as pq): specific role played or filled by subject -- use only as qualifier of "cast member" (P161), "voice actor" (P725)

Example 2:
Question:
what is the present form of government in iran?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  wd:Q794 wdt:P122 ?x .
}

Using entities:
Iran, also known as ir, IRI, IRN, Islamic Rep. Iran, Islamic Republic of Iran (wd:Q794): country in Western Asia

Using properties:
basic form of government, also known as form of government, government, type of government (wd:P122 as wdt): subject's government

Example 3:
Question:
what city was barack obama born in?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  wd:Q76 p:P19 ?p .
  ?p ps:P19 ?x .
  ?x wdt:P31 / wdt:P279 * wd:Q515 .
}

Using entities:
city, also known as cities (wd:Q515): large human settlement
Barack Obama, also known as Honorable Barack Obama, BHO, Obama, Barry O Bomber, President Obama (wd:Q76): president of the United States from 2009 to 2017, community organizer, political writer, statesperson, politician, podcaster, memoirist, academic, lawyer, jurist

Using properties:
place of birth, also known as POB, location of birth, location born, born in, birthplace (wd:P19 as p/ps): most specific known birth location of a person, animal or fictional character, location
subclass of, also known as rdfs:subClassOf, sort of, subcategory of, subgenre of, subtype of (wd:P279 as wdt): this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; ALL instances of ...stance of volcanic landform); Everest is an instance of mountain
instance of, also known as unitary element of class, has type, unique individual of, type, item of type (wd:P31 as wdt): that class of which this subject is a particular example and mem...is a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform)

[Assistant] Now I will search for the entity "Bristol Palin" in Wikidata to get her identifier. Then I will look for properties related to education or school for this entity.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Bristol Palin, also known as Bristol Sheeran Marie Palin (wd:Q2190766): reality television participant, daughter of Sarah Palin, real estate agent, politician, writer
2. Bristol Palin: Life's a Tripp (wd:Q4968974): television series
3. Bristol, also known as Bristol, UK, Bristol, England, Bristol, Gloucestershire (wd:Q23154): city in South West England, United Kingdom
4. Bristol, also known as Bristol, CT, Bristol, Connecticut (wd:Q755149): city in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States
5. Bristol, also known as Bristol, Tennessee, Bristol, TN (wd:Q917821): city in Sullivan County, Tennessee, United States
6. Bristol Airport, also known as Bristol (Lulsgate) Airport, EGGD, BRS, Bristol International Airport, Bristol (wd:Q8725): commercial airport serving the city of Bristol, England
7. Bristol, also known as Bristol, VA, Bristol, Virginia (wd:Q503366): independent city in Virginia, United States
8. Bristol, also known as Bristol, Florida, Bristol, FL (wd:Q568950): city in and the county seat of Liberty County, Florida, United States
9. Bristol Airport, also known as EGGD, Bristol, Bristol International Airport, Bristol (Lulsgate) Airport, BRS (wd:Q8725): commercial airport serving the city of Bristol, England
10. Bristol, also known as Bristol, Rhode Island, Bristol, RI (wd:Q917809): town in Rhode Island, United States

[Assistant] The entity "Bristol Palin" corresponds to wd:Q2190766. Next, I will search for properties related to education or school for this entity.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. educated at, also known as graduated from, graduate of, place of education, school attended, schooled at (wd:P69 as p/wdt): educational institution attended by subject, affiliation
2. occupation, also known as job, work, vocation, profession, employment (wd:P106 as p/wdt): occupation of a person; see also "field of work" (Property:P101), "position held" (Property:P39)
3. number of children, also known as children, children (number), how many children, issue, kids (wd:P1971 as p/wdt): number of children of the person, animal, or character
4. child, also known as has son, kids, mother of, kid, issue (wd:P40 as p/wdt): subject has object as child. Do not use for stepchildren—use "relative" (P1038), qualified with "type of kinship" (P1039), significant person, relative
5. languages spoken, written or signed, also known as language of expression, language, wrote language, writes language, uses language (wd:P1412 as p/wdt): language(s) that a person or a people speaks, writes or signs, including the native language(s)
6. country of citizenship, also known as subject of (country), nation of citizenship, national of, nationality, nation (wd:P27 as p/wdt): the object is a country that recognizes the subject as its citizen, country
7. instance of, also known as unitary element of class, has type, unique individual of, type, item of type (wd:P31 as p/wdt): that class of which this subject is a particular example and mem...is a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform)
8. image, also known as still capture, still, screenshot, screen capture, portrait (wd:P18 as p/wdt): image of relevant illustration of the subject; if available, als...tor map, flag image, signature image, logo image, collage image)
9. residence, also known as living in, place of residence, resided at, resided in, resident in (wd:P551 as p/wdt): the place where the person is or has been, resident, location
10. given name, also known as name, proper name, personal name, middle name, forename (wd:P735 as p/wdt): first name or another given name of this person; values used with the property should not link disambiguations nor family names, name

No other items found

[Assistant] The property "educated at" (wdt:P69) is the relevant property for the school or educational institution attended by Bristol Palin. I will now write a SPARQL query to find the schools Bristol Palin went to.

[Tool]
Got 3 rows and 2 columns:
| school                                   | schoolLabel                     |
| ---------------------------------------- | ------------------------------- |
| Juneau-Douglas High School (wd:Q6312473) | Juneau-Douglas High School (en) |
| Wasilla High School (wd:Q7972657)        | Wasilla High School (en)        |
| West Anchorage High School (wd:Q7984309) | West Anchorage High School (en) |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=done):
The SPARQL query correctly retrieves the schools Bristol Palin attended using the property 'educated at' (wdt:P69). The query returns the identifiers and English labels of the schools, which matches the user's question. The answer is complete and accurate based on the knowledge graph data. No further refinement is necessary.


PREFIX schema: <http://schema.org/>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
SELECT ?description WHERE {
  wd:Q9200 schema:description ?description FILTER ( LANG( ?description ) = "en" )
}

Saint Paul the Apostle (Paul the Apostle, wd:Q9200) was an early Christian apostle and missionary who lived approximately from AD 5 to AD 64/65.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] who was saint paul the apostle?

[Assistant] Let's start by looking at some examples.

[Tool]
Example 1:
Question:
who started up mcdonalds?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  wd:Q38076 wdt:P112 ?x .
}

Using entities:
McDonald’s, also known as Macca's, Mickey D's, McDonald's Restaurant, McDonald's Corporation, McDonald's (wd:Q38076): American fast food restaurant chain

Using properties:
founded by, also known as starter, co-founded by, started by, institutor, instituted by (wd:P112 as wdt): founder or co-founder of this organization, religion, place or entity, creator

Example 2:
Question:
what is gibby's mom's name?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  wd:Q5559079 wdt:P25 ?x .
}

Using entities:
Gibby Haynes, also known as Gibson Jerome Haynes, Gibby Haines (wd:Q5559079): American musician, singer-songwriter, painter, singer, actor

Using properties:
mother, also known as mom, is child of, mommy, mum, mummy (wd:P25 as wdt): female parent of the subject. For stepmother, use "stepparent" (P3448), parent

Example 3:
Question:
what is the major language spoken in canada?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  wd:Q16 wdt:P37 ?x .
}

Using entities:
Canada, also known as CA, CAN, Dominion of Canada, ISO 3166-1:CA (wd:Q16): country in North America

Using properties:
official language, also known as language spoken, spoken in, speaking, language official (wd:P37 as wdt): language designated as official by this item, language used

[Assistant]
The question "Who was Saint Paul the Apostle?" is asking for information about the identity or description of Saint Paul the Apostle. To answer this, we need to identify the entity representing Saint Paul the Apostle in Wikidata and then retrieve relevant information about him, such as his description or notable attributes.

Step 1: Search for the entity "Saint Paul the Apostle" in Wikidata to get the exact entity ID.
Step 2: Retrieve a description or relevant information about this entity.

I will start by searching for the entity "Saint Paul the Apostle" in Wikidata.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Paul the Apostle, also known as Saul of Tarsus, Saulus, Šā'ûl, Saul, Saint Paulus (wd:Q9200): Early Christian apostle and missionary (c. AD 5 – c. 64/65), religious figure, missionary, theologian, traveler, artisan, writer, rabbi
2. San Paolo convent, also known as Saint Paul the Apostle, San Paolo (Ferrara) - Convent (wd:Q124151525): convent at the church of San Paolo, Ferrara, Italy
3. San Paolo al Cimitero, also known as Saint Paul the Apostle (wd:Q123987072): religious building at the cemetery of Sassari, Italy
4. San Paolo, also known as Saint Paul the Apostle (wd:Q118516744): religious building in Biancareddu, Sassari, Italy
5. Saint Paul the Apostle (wd:Q19859112): painting by José Ferraz de Almeida Júnior
6. Saint Paul the Apostle (wd:Q118591287): painting by Spanish School, Wellcome Collection
7. The apostle Saint Paul (wd:Q121546195): painting by Anthony van Dyck
8. St. Paul the Apostle Church, also known as Saint Paul the Apostle Church (wd:Q7591285): church in New York, United States
9. Saint Paul the Apostle writing (wd:Q123163634): painting by Lambert Jacobsz
10. Church of St Paul, 1651 Shettleston Road, Glasgow, also known as 1651 Shettleston Road, Church Of St Paul, Church of Saint Paul the Apostle (wd:Q17815655): church building in Glasgow, Scotland, UK

[Assistant]
The entity "Paul the Apostle" (wd:Q9200) corresponds to the early Christian apostle and missionary known as Saint Paul the Apostle. This is the relevant entity for the question.

Next, I will retrieve some basic information about Paul the Apostle, such as his description or notable attributes, to answer the question "Who was Saint Paul the Apostle?" I will query for the description or any relevant statements about him.

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| description                                                      |
| ---------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Early Christian apostle and missionary (c. AD 5 – c. 64/65) (en) |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=done):
The answer correctly identifies Saint Paul the Apostle (wd:Q9200) and provides a concise and accurate description of who he was, including his role as an early Christian apostle and missionary and his approximate lifetime. The SPARQL query is appropriate for retrieving a brief description from Wikidata and respects the language filter. The output is complete and relevant to the user's question.


PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
SELECT ?school ?schoolLabel WHERE {
  wd:Q182658 wdt:P69 ?school .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?school rdfs:label ?schoolLabel FILTER ( LANG( ?schoolLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}

Got 5 rows and 2 columns:
| school                                            | schoolLabel                              |
| ------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------- |
| University of Alabama (wd:Q492318)                | University of Alabama (en)               |
| University of Utah Health Care (wd:Q56582915)     | University of Utah Health Care (en)      |
| Huntingdon College (wd:Q5945112)                  | Huntingdon College (en)                  |
| Monroe County High School (wd:Q6902164)           | Monroe County High School (en)           |
| University of Alabama School of Law (wd:Q7895034) | University of Alabama School of Law (en) |

Harper Lee attended Monroe County High School for her high school education.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] where did harper lee attend high school?

[Assistant] Let's start by looking at some examples.

[Tool]
Example 1:
Question:
who is angelina jolie husband name?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  wd:Q13909 wdt:P26 ?x .
}

Using entities:
Angelina Jolie, also known as Angelina Jolie Voight (wd:Q13909): American actress, philanthropist, actor, model

Using properties:
spouse, also known as married partner, married to, marry, partner, spouses (wd:P26 as wdt): the subject has the object as their spouse (husband, wife, partn...etc.). Use "unmarried partner" (P451) for non-married companions, significant person, relative

Example 2:
Question:
who was louis riel?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  wd:Q313691 wdt:P106 ?x .
}

Using entities:
Louis Riel, also known as Louis "David" Riel (wd:Q313691): Métis leader in Canada (1844–1885), politician

Using properties:
occupation, also known as job, work, vocation, profession, employment (wd:P106 as wdt): occupation of a person; see also "field of work" (Property:P101), "position held" (Property:P39)

Example 3:
Question:
what did harriet beecher stowe do as an abolitionist?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  wd:Q102513 wdt:P800 ?x .
}

Using entities:
Harriet Beecher Stowe, also known as Harriet Elizabeth Beecher Stowe, Harriet Elisabeth Beecher Stowe, Harriet Elizabeth Beecher, Harriet Beecher, Harriet Elizabeth Beecher-Stowe (wd:Q102513): American abolitionist and author (1811–1896), short story writer, children's writer, abolitionist, essayist, novelist, writer, poet

Using properties:
notable work, also known as artwork, wrote, writer of, works, work (wd:P800 as wdt): notable scientific, artistic or literary work, or other work of significance among subject's works

[Assistant]
The examples show how to query for specific properties of a person, such as spouse, occupation, or notable work. For the question "where did Harper Lee attend high school?", we need to find the entity for Harper Lee and then find the property related to high school education or the educational institution she attended at the high school level.

Step 1: Search for the entity "Harper Lee" in Wikidata.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Harper Lee, also known as Nelle Harper Lee (wd:Q182658): American author, prose writer, screenwriter, poet lawyer, novelist, musician, writer, actor
2. Lee Harper, also known as Lee Charles Philip Harper (wd:Q6513809): Footballer and manager (born 1971), association football manager, association football player
3. Lee Harper (wd:Q1811814): American musician (1945–2010), jazz guitarist, musician
4. Ron Harper, also known as Ronald Lee Harper (wd:Q7363883): Canadian politician, politician
5. Harper B. Lee, also known as Harper Baylor Lee, James Harper Gillett (wd:Q3127694): American matador (1884-1941), matador
6. Harper Lee Award (wd:Q107354207): award for Alabama writers
7. Harper Lee Kaye (wd:Q88315759): researcher
8. Jonathan Lee Harper (wd:Q102342439): Ph.D. Montana State University 2007
9. Eric Harper, also known as Eric Lee Harper (wd:Q116510885): guitarist, composer, musician
10. Gloria Harper Lee (wd:Q117517845): Cousin of Monica Hargrove, interviewee of Dartmouth Black Lives

[Assistant] The entity for Harper Lee is wd:Q182658. Now, I will search for properties related to education or high school for this entity.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. educated at, also known as graduated from, graduate of, place of education, school attended, schooled at (wd:P69 as p/wdt): educational institution attended by subject, affiliation
2. field of work, also known as scientific discipline, scientific area, responsible for, research on, research fields (wd:P101 as p/wdt): specialization of a person or organization; see P106 for the occupation, interested in
3. award received, also known as win, winner of, recognition title, received award, prize received (wd:P166 as p/wdt): award or recognition received by a person, organization or creative work
4. country of citizenship, also known as subject of (country), nation of citizenship, national of, nationality, nation (wd:P27 as p/wdt): the object is a country that recognizes the subject as its citizen, country
5. place of birth, also known as POB, location of birth, location born, born in, birthplace (wd:P19 as p/wdt): most specific known birth location of a person, animal or fictional character, location
6. date of birth, also known as year of birth, birthdate, DOB, born on, born (wd:P569 as p/wdt): date on which the subject was born, inception
7. sibling, also known as is sister of, is the brother of, is the sibling of, is the sister of, sib (wd:P3373 as p/wdt): the subject and the object have at least one common parent (brot...law, etc.) and step-siblings (step-brothers, step-sisters, etc.), relative
8. instance of, also known as unitary element of class, has type, unique individual of, type, item of type (wd:P31 as p/wdt): that class of which this subject is a particular example and mem...is a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform)
9. image, also known as still capture, still, screenshot, screen capture, portrait (wd:P18 as p/wdt): image of relevant illustration of the subject; if available, als...tor map, flag image, signature image, logo image, collage image)
10. genre, also known as genre of music, type of music, type of film, music genre, literary genre (wd:P136 as p/wdt): creative work's genre or an artist's field of work (P101). Use main subject (P921) to relate creative works to their topic

No other items found

[Assistant] The property "educated at" (wdt:P69) is the relevant property for the educational institution attended by Harper Lee. Now, I will query for the educational institutions where Harper Lee attended, specifically looking for high school level if possible.

[Tool]
Got 5 rows and 2 columns:
| school                                            | schoolLabel                              |
| ------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------- |
| University of Alabama (wd:Q492318)                | University of Alabama (en)               |
| University of Utah Health Care (wd:Q56582915)     | University of Utah Health Care (en)      |
| Huntingdon College (wd:Q5945112)                  | Huntingdon College (en)                  |
| Monroe County High School (wd:Q6902164)           | Monroe County High School (en)           |
| University of Alabama School of Law (wd:Q7895034) | University of Alabama School of Law (en) |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=done):
The SPARQL query correctly retrieves all educational institutions attended by Harper Lee, including Monroe County High School, which is the relevant high school. The answer provided is accurate and complete based on the query results. The query also includes labels for readability, which is helpful. No further refinement is necessary.