PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
SELECT DISTINCT ?country ?countryLabel ?capital ?capitalLabel WHERE {
  VALUES ?class {
    wd:Q3624078 wd:Q6256
  }
  ?country wdt:P31 ?class .
  ?country wdt:P30 wd:Q15 .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?country wdt:P36 ?capital .
  }
  OPTIONAL {
    ?country rdfs:label ?countryLabel FILTER ( LANG( ?countryLabel ) = "en" )
  }
  OPTIONAL {
    ?capital rdfs:label ?capitalLabel FILTER ( LANG( ?capitalLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}
ORDER BY ?countryLabel

Using entities:
Africa (wd:Q15), also known as African continent
sovereign state (wd:Q3624078), also known as country, nation, sovereign country, sovereign nation, Westphalian state
country (wd:Q6256), also known as countries

Using properties:
continent (wd:P30 as wdt), also known as P30
instance of (wd:P31 as wdt), also known as example of, has type, is a, is an, is of type, etc.
capital (wd:P36 as wdt), also known as administrative capital, administrative center, administrative centre, administrative headquarters, administrative seat, etc.

Got 57 rows and 4 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| country                | countryLabel      | capital                | capitalLabel     |
| ---------------------- | ----------------- | ---------------------- | ---------------- |
| Algeria (wd:Q262)      | Algeria (en)      | Algiers (wd:Q3561)     | Algiers (en)     |
| Angola (wd:Q916)       | Angola (en)       | Luanda (wd:Q3897)      | Luanda (en)      |
| Benin (wd:Q962)        | Benin (en)        | Porto-Novo (wd:Q3799)  | Porto-Novo (en)  |
| Botswana (wd:Q963)     | Botswana (en)     | Gaborone (wd:Q3919)    | Gaborone (en)    |
| Burkina Faso (wd:Q965) | Burkina Faso (en) | Ouagadougou (wd:Q3777) | Ouagadougou (en) |
| ...                    | ...               | ...                    | ...              |
| Togo (wd:Q945)         | Togo (en)         | Lomé (wd:Q3792)        | Lomé (en)        |
| Tunisia (wd:Q948)      | Tunisia (en)      | Tunis (wd:Q3572)       | Tunis (en)       |
| Uganda (wd:Q1036)      | Uganda (en)       | Kampala (wd:Q3894)     | Kampala (en)     |
| Zambia (wd:Q953)       | Zambia (en)       | Lusaka (wd:Q3881)      | Lusaka (en)      |
| Zimbabwe (wd:Q954)     | Zimbabwe (en)     | Harare (wd:Q3921)      | Harare (en)      |

Answer: The query above returns the capitals (property P36) of all countries in Africa (items with P30 → Q15 and instance-of Q3624078 or Q6256). Results include the IRIs of the country and capital, and their English labels when available.

Give me the capitals of all countries in Africa.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Search for the entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Execute intermediate queries to get feedback and to verify your assumptions. You may need to refine or rethink your current plan based on the query results and go back to step 2 if needed, possibly multiple times.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at http://localhost:7001 without notes

You are provided with the following notes across all knowledge graphs:
No notes available

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
qlss: <https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/spatialSearch/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow these rules:
- Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
- Do not just use or make up entity or property identifiers without verifying their existence in the knowledge graphs first.
- Do not use "SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ..." in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.
- Always execute your final SPARQL query before giving an answer to make sure it returns the expected results.
- The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
- Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
- Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
- For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.

[User] Give me the capitals of all countries in Africa.

[Assistant]
Step 1 — identify the key entities and properties I will need:
- Continent "Africa" (to filter countries located in Africa).
- Property "continent" (likely wdt:P30).
- Property "capital" (likely wdt:P36).
- The item/class for "country" or "sovereign state" (to ensure we only list countries).

I'll first verify the identifiers for "Africa", "capital", "continent", and "country/sovereign state" in Wikidata. I will search for those entities/properties. I'll start by searching for the entity "Africa".

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Africa (wd:Q15), also known as African continent: is instance of geographic location / is instance of geographical region / is instance of geographic region / is instance of continent / continent / continent
2. Africa (wd:Q181238), also known as Africa Proconsularis, Africa Province, Africa (Roman province), Africa Vetus, Province of Africa, etc.: Roman province on the northern African coast covering parts of present-day Tunisia, Algeria, and Libya / is instance of Roman province
3. 1193 Africa (wd:Q136898, matched via Africa), also known as Africa: is instance of asteroid / asteroid / asteroid / asteroid
4. Africa (wd:Q383842): song written and composed by David Paich and Jeff Porcaro, originally recorded by Toto in 1981 and released in 1982 / is instance of musical work/composition
5. África (wd:Q55854), also known as Yapeyu: town in Corrientes, Argentina / is instance of municipality / is instance of heritage / is instance of locality
6. Africa (wd:Q383855): is instance of literary work / is instance of creative work / is instance of Epic poetry / is instance of epic poem / Neo-Latin epic poem
7. Africa (wd:Q4689532): 2013 UK documentary series by David Attenborough / is instance of television series / is instance of serial
8. .africa (wd:Q4545422), also known as dot africa: generic top-level Internet domain / is instance of top-level domain
9. Africa (wd:Q4689531), also known as Africa (Voodoo Master): 1983 song by Rose Laurens / is instance of single
10. Africa (wd:Q383848): is instance of Titular see / is instance of titular see / titular see in Tunisia

[Assistant] I'll verify the items/properties: 'continent' property, 'capital' property, and the item for 'country' / 'sovereign state'. I'll search for those properties and entities.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. continent (wd:P30 as ps/psv/wdt/wdtn/p/pqv/prv/prn/pr/psn/pqn/pq), also known as P30: is subproperty of located in/on physical feature / is subproperty of located on terrain feature / continent of which the subject is a part / continent of which the subject is a part / continent of which the subject is a part
2. country of citizenship (wd:P27 as ps/psv/wdt/wdtn/p/pqv/prv/prn/pr/psn/pqn/pq, matched via nation), also known as citizen of, citizenship, country, (legal) nationality, nation, etc.: the object is a country that recognizes the subject as its citizen / the object is a country that recognizes the subject as its citizen / is subproperty of country
3. valid in place (wd:P3005 as ps/psv/wdt/wdtn/p/pqv/prv/prn/pr/psn/pqn/pq, matched via country), also known as applies to country, applies to location, applies to place, country, true in, etc.: is subproperty of applies to part / place where a statement is valid / place where a statement is valid
4. country of origin (wd:P495 as ps/psv/wdt/wdtn/p/pqv/prv/prn/pr/psn/pqn/pq, matched via country), also known as comes from, CoO, country, originates from, origin country, etc.: country of origin of this item (creative work, food, phrase, product, etc.) / country of origin of this item (creative work, food, phrase, product, etc.) / country of origin of this item (creative work, food, phrase, product, etc.) / is subproperty of significant place / is subproperty of country
5. country (wd:P17 as ps/psv/wdt/wdtn/p/pqv/prv/prn/pr/psn/pqn/pq), also known as host country, land, sovereign state, state, P17: sovereign state that this item is in (not to be used for human beings) / sovereign state that this item is in (not to be used for human beings) / sovereign state that this item is in (not to be used for human beings) / sovereign state that this item is in (not to be used for human beings) / is subproperty of located in the administrative territorial entity
6. applies to part (wd:P518 as ps/psv/wdt/wdtn/p/pqv/prv/prn/pr/psn/pqn/pq, matched via region), also known as applied to, applies to aspect, applies to form, applies to phase, apply to, etc.: part, aspect, or form of the item to which the claim applies / part of the item for which the claim is valid / part of the item for which the claim is valid
7. location (wd:P276 as ps/psv/wdt/wdtn/p/pqv/prv/prn/pr/psn/pqn/pq, matched via region), also known as based in, city, from, held by, in, etc.: location of the object, structure or event. In the case of an ... use P706. Use P7153 for locations associated with the object / location of the item, physical object or event is within. In ... use P131. In case of a distinct terrain feature use P706. / location of the item, physical object or event is within. In ... use P131. In case of a distinct terrain feature use P706.
8. located in the administrative territorial entity (wd:P131 as ps/psv/wdt/wdtn/p/pqv/prv/prn/pr/psn/pqn/pq, matched via region), also known as administrative territorial entity, administrative territory, city, happens in, in, etc.: the item is located on the territory of the following ... the item falls only partially into the administrative entity. / the item is located on the territory of the following ... the item falls only partially into the administrative entity. / the item is located on the territory of the following administrative entity / the item is located on the territory of the following administrative entity / is subproperty of location / is subproperty of part of
9. located in/on physical feature (wd:P706 as ps/psv/wdt/wdtn/p/pqv/prv/prn/pr/psn/pqn/pq, matched via geographical region), also known as geographical region, is in, is on, landform, located on island, etc.: located on the specified landform or body of water. Should ... (provinces, states, countries, etc.). / located on the specified (geo)physical feature. Should not be ... political/administrative (P131) or a mountain range (P4552). / is subproperty of location / is subproperty of part of
10. home world (wd:P1165 as ps/psv/wdt/wdtn/p/pqv/prv/prn/pr/psn/pqn/pq), also known as home planet, homeworld, P1165: home planet or natural satellite for a fictional character or species

[Assistant] Next I'll search for the properties 'capital' and the entity 'sovereign state' (or 'country') to verify their identifiers. I'll start by searching for "capital" and "sovereign state" in Wikidata.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. capital of (wd:P1376 as ps/psv/wdt/wdtn/p/pqv/prv/prn/pr/psn/pqn/pq, matched via capital), also known as administrative seat of, capital, county seat for, county seat of, is capital of, etc.: country, state, department, canton or other administrative division of which the municipality is the governmental seat / country, state, department, canton or other administrative division of which the municipality is the governmental seat / country, state, department, canton or other administrative division of which the municipality is the governmental seat / is subproperty of located in the administrative territorial entity
2. capital (wd:P36 as ps/psv/wdt/wdtn/p/pqv/prv/prn/pr/psn/pqn/pq), also known as administrative capital, administrative center, administrative centre, administrative headquarters, administrative seat, etc.: location (city, municipality) of governmental seat of the country, or administrative territorial entity / seat of government of a country, province, state or other type of administrative territorial entity / city of governmental seat of the country, state or administrative subdivision
3. net worth (wd:P2218 as ps/psv/wdt/wdtn/p/pqv/prv/prn/pr/psn/pqn/pq, matched via wealth), also known as declared patrimony, estimated net worth, net wealth, net worth estimate, personal assets, etc.: totality of wealth possessed by a person
4. prize money (wd:P2121 as ps/psv/wdt/wdtn/p/pqv/prv/prn/pr/psn/pqn/pq, matched via money), also known as money, purse, value, P2121: amount in a specific currency / amount in a specific currency
5. currency (wd:P38 as ps/psv/wdt/wdtn/p/pqv/prv/prn/pr/psn/pqn/pq), also known as base currency, used money, P38: is subproperty of uses / currency used by item / currency used by item / currency used by item
6. field of work (wd:P101 as ps/psv/wdt/wdtn/p/pqv/prv/prn/pr/psn/pqn/pq, matched via trade), also known as academic area, academic discipline, academic subject, activity, activity domain, etc.: specialisation of a person or organisation; see P106 for the occupation / specialization of a person or organization; see P106 for the occupation / specialization of a person or organization; see P106 for the occupation / specialization of a person or organization; see P106 for the occupation / is subproperty of interested in
7. industry (wd:P452 as ps/psv/wdt/wdtn/p/pqv/prv/prn/pr/psn/pqn/pq, matched via sector), also known as branch, economic branch, field of action, field of exercise, sector, etc.: specific industry of company or organization / is subproperty of part of
8. total equity (wd:P2137 as ps/psv/wdt/wdtn/p/pqv/prv/prn/pr/psn/pqn/pq, matched via equity), also known as equity, shareholder equity, P2137: amount of equity value for an entity
9. capital cost (wd:P2130 as ps/psv/wdt/wdtn/p/pqv/prv/prn/pr/psn/pqn/pq), also known as budget, cost, unit cost, P2130: amount of money spent on building or producing an object
10. number of matches played/races/starts (wd:P1350 as ps/psv/wdt/wdtn/p/pqv/prv/prn/pr/psn/pqn/pq, matched via caps), also known as appearances, caps, games pitched, games played, gp, etc.: matches or games a player or a team played during an event. ... a player officially appeared in during the whole career. / matches or games a player or a team played during an event. ... a player officially appeared in during the whole career. / by a sports team

[Assistant] We have continent P30, capital P36, and 'capital of' P1376. Next, search entity 'sovereign state' or 'country'.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. sovereign state (wd:Q3624078), also known as country, nation, sovereign country, sovereign nation, Westphalian state: political organisation with a centralised independent government / political organisation with a centralised independent government / state that has the highest authority over a territory / is subclass of country / is subclass of state
2. Westphalian sovereignty (wd:Q442402, matched via state sovereignty), also known as state sovereignty, Westphalian system: concept of the sovereignty of nation-states in Europe / is subclass of world order / is instance of model
3. state sovereignty (wd:Q56350990), also known as national sovereignty
4. The Sovereign State (wd:Q7765603): is instance of literary work / book by Anthony Sampson
5. State Sovereignty Day (wd:Q130322685): Day commemorated in honor of the restoration of the ... Republic of Azerbaijan following the Anti-Terror Operation / is instance of holiday
6. Sovereign State of Forvik (wd:Q2011058): micronation founded on Forewick Holm in 2008 by Stuart Hill / is instance of micronation
7. Indonesian Sovereign State Party (wd:Q106361064), also known as Pandai Party: political party in Indonesia
8. Act on the national emblems of the state of Baden-Württemberg (wd:Q123225392, matched via State Sovereign Signs Act), also known as Land Sovereignty Signs Act, State Sovereign Signs Act: German state law on the design and use of the national emblems of the state of Baden-Württemberg / German state law on the design and use of the national emblems of the state of Baden-Württemberg / is instance of state law
9. New Union Treaty (wd:Q218877, matched via Union of Sovereign States), also known as Union of Sovereign States, Union of Soviet Sovereign Republics: is instance of proposed state merger / is instance of document / is instance of concept / draft treaty of 1991
10. Sovereign State of Aeterna Lucina (wd:Q7571613), also known as Aeterna Lucina: is instance of micronation / Micronation

[Assistant]
Sovereign state is wd:Q3624078. I will now construct a SPARQL query that finds all items that are instances of (or subclass of) sovereign state or country and are located on continent Africa (wd:Q15), and retrieve their capitals via wdt:P36.

Plan:
- Find items ?country with wdt:P31/wdt:P279? Let's check best practice: Many countries are instance of sovereign state (P31:Q3624078) or instance of country (Q6256) or both. Q6256 is "country". Search entity "country".

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. country (wd:Q6256), also known as countries: region legally identified as a distinct entity in political geography / is instance of administrative territorial entity type / distinct territorial body or political entity / distinct territorial body or political entity / is subclass of political territorial entity / is instance of territorial entity type / is subclass of territorial entity / is subclass of territory / is instance of agent
2. country music (wd:Q83440, matched via country), also known as country, country and western, country & western: is subclass of music of North America / genre of American popular music / genre of American popular music / is subclass of popular music / is instance of radio format / is instance of music genre
3. sovereign state (wd:Q3624078, matched via country), also known as country, nation, sovereign country, sovereign nation, Westphalian state: political organisation with a centralised independent government / political organisation with a centralised independent government / state that has the highest authority over a territory / is subclass of country / is subclass of state
4. Dennis Rodman (wd:Q201608, matched via Country), also known as Country, Demolition Man, Dennis Keith Rodman, Dennis the Menace, Psycho, etc.: has occupation professional wrestler / has occupation basketball player / has occupation basketball coach / has occupation amateur wrestler / has occupation voice actor / American basketball player / has occupation film actor / has occupation actor / is instance of human
5. Country (wd:Q1754454): 1984 film directed by Richard Pearce / is instance of film
6. .country (wd:Q20571777): is instance of top-level domain / top-level domain
7. Country (wd:Q131740702): is instance of album / album by Tom Jones
8. country (wd:Q22828881): is instance of Wikimedia permanent duplicated page / is instance of Wikimedia permanent duplicate item
9. Country (wd:Q26779428): Chilean political party founded in 2016 / is instance of political party
10. Country (wd:Q48816259): People in rural areas of the United States

[Assistant]
We have wd:Q6256 for country and wd:Q3624078 sovereign state. To be inclusive, select items that are instance of or subclass of these classes. Many countries are instance of sovereign state or instance of country. I will build a query:

- Select ?country ?capital where:
  ?country wdt:P31/wdt:P279* wd:Q3624078 OR wd:Q6256? In SPARQL, we can use VALUES or an OR via UNION. Use (wd:Q3624078 or wd:Q6256) as class via wdt:P31/wdt:P279* (instance of or subclass chain). But wdt:P31 is direct, wdt:P279* doesn't apply to P31. Better approach: ?country wdt:P31 ?type . ?type wdt:P279* wd:Q3624078 OR wd:Q6256. But property paths: ?type wdt:P279* wd:Q3624078.

Alternatively use VALUES for class: VALUES ?class {wd:Q3624078 wd:Q6256} ?country wdt:P31 ?class. But some countries might be instance of "country" indirectly via subclass chain. But most have P31 country or sovereign state.

I'll try the simpler approach: ?country wdt:P31 ?class . VALUES ?class {wd:Q3624078 wd:Q6256} .

Also require country wdt:P30 wd:Q15 (continent Africa). Use OPTIONAL for capital ?capital wdt:P36 ?cap.

Add rdfs:label optional.

Also want to ensure we only get countries in Africa; some overseas territories might have continent stated differently. Good.

Let's build a query and execute to see results count.

I'll construct query and run.

[Tool]
Got 110 rows and 4 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| country            | countryLabel  | capital               | capitalLabel    |
| ------------------ | ------------- | --------------------- | --------------- |
| Algeria (wd:Q262)  | Algeria (en)  | Algiers (wd:Q3561)    | Algiers (en)    |
| Algeria (wd:Q262)  | Algeria (en)  | Algiers (wd:Q3561)    | Algiers (en)    |
| Angola (wd:Q916)   | Angola (en)   | Luanda (wd:Q3897)     | Luanda (en)     |
| Angola (wd:Q916)   | Angola (en)   | Luanda (wd:Q3897)     | Luanda (en)     |
| Benin (wd:Q962)    | Benin (en)    | Porto-Novo (wd:Q3799) | Porto-Novo (en) |
| ...                | ...           | ...                   | ...             |
| Uganda (wd:Q1036)  | Uganda (en)   | Kampala (wd:Q3894)    | Kampala (en)    |
| Zambia (wd:Q953)   | Zambia (en)   | Lusaka (wd:Q3881)     | Lusaka (en)     |
| Zambia (wd:Q953)   | Zambia (en)   | Lusaka (wd:Q3881)     | Lusaka (en)     |
| Zimbabwe (wd:Q954) | Zimbabwe (en) | Harare (wd:Q3921)     | Harare (en)     |
| Zimbabwe (wd:Q954) | Zimbabwe (en) | Harare (wd:Q3921)     | Harare (en)     |

[Tool]
SPARQL execution failed:
HTTPConnectionPool(host='localhost', port=7001): Read timed out. (read timeout=30)

[Assistant] I'll execute a final DISTINCT query that selects all items that are instances of either 'sovereign state' (Q3624078) or 'country' (Q6256), are on the continent Africa (P30 → Q15), and returns their capitals (P36) and English labels. I'll run the query now.

[Tool]
Got 57 rows and 4 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| country                | countryLabel      | capital                | capitalLabel     |
| ---------------------- | ----------------- | ---------------------- | ---------------- |
| Algeria (wd:Q262)      | Algeria (en)      | Algiers (wd:Q3561)     | Algiers (en)     |
| Angola (wd:Q916)       | Angola (en)       | Luanda (wd:Q3897)      | Luanda (en)      |
| Benin (wd:Q962)        | Benin (en)        | Porto-Novo (wd:Q3799)  | Porto-Novo (en)  |
| Botswana (wd:Q963)     | Botswana (en)     | Gaborone (wd:Q3919)    | Gaborone (en)    |
| Burkina Faso (wd:Q965) | Burkina Faso (en) | Ouagadougou (wd:Q3777) | Ouagadougou (en) |
| ...                    | ...               | ...                    | ...              |
| Togo (wd:Q945)         | Togo (en)         | Lomé (wd:Q3792)        | Lomé (en)        |
| Tunisia (wd:Q948)      | Tunisia (en)      | Tunis (wd:Q3572)       | Tunis (en)       |
| Uganda (wd:Q1036)      | Uganda (en)       | Kampala (wd:Q3894)     | Kampala (en)     |
| Zambia (wd:Q953)       | Zambia (en)       | Lusaka (wd:Q3881)      | Lusaka (en)      |
| Zimbabwe (wd:Q954)     | Zimbabwe (en)     | Harare (wd:Q3921)      | Harare (en)      |

[Assistant] I'll run a refined query that matches items whose instance-of (P31) is (possibly via subclass chain) a country (Q6256) or a sovereign state (Q3624078), filters to continent Africa (P30 → Q15), and retrieves P36 (capital) with English labels. I'll execute the query now.

[Tool]
SPARQL execution failed:
HTTPConnectionPool(host='localhost', port=7001): Read timed out. (read timeout=30)

[Assistant] I'll run the final SPARQL query that selects items which are instances of "sovereign state" (Q3624078) or "country" (Q6256), are located on the continent Africa (P30 → Q15), and returns their capital (P36) along with English labels when available. This query returns the actual IRIs of the countries and capitals (and optionally their English labels). I'll execute it now.

[Tool] Stopping


PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
SELECT DISTINCT ?club ?clubLabel WHERE {
  ?club wdt:P17 wd:Q29 .
  ?club wdt:P31 ?type .
  ?type wdt:P279 * wd:Q476028 .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?club rdfs:label ?clubLabel FILTER ( LANG( ?clubLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}
ORDER BY ?clubLabel

Using entities:
Spain (wd:Q29), also known as Kingdom of Spain
association football club (wd:Q476028), also known as association soccer club, F.C., FC, football club, soccer club

Using properties:
country (wd:P17 as wdt), also known as host country, land, sovereign state, state, P17
subclass of (wd:P279 as wdt), also known as all members of this class also belong to, category of, form of, has superclass, is a class of, etc.
instance of (wd:P31 as wdt), also known as example of, has type, is a, is an, is of type, etc.

Answer: I ran the query above on Wikidata. It returns 1,590 distinct items matching "soccer/association football clubs in Spain" (IRIs are returned in the ?club column; optional English labels are in ?clubLabel).

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Search for the entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Execute intermediate queries to get feedback and to verify your assumptions. You may need to refine or rethink your current plan based on the query results and go back to step 2 if needed, possibly multiple times.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at http://localhost:7001 without notes

You are provided with the following notes across all knowledge graphs:
No notes available

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
qlss: <https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/spatialSearch/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow these rules:
- Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
- Do not just use or make up entity or property identifiers without verifying their existence in the knowledge graphs first.
- Do not use "SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ..." in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.
- Always execute your final SPARQL query before giving an answer to make sure it returns the expected results.
- The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
- Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
- Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
- For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.

[User] Give me all soccer clubs in Spain.

[Assistant] Step 1: I'll search Wikidata for the entity corresponding to "association football club" to use as the class (instance of) for soccer clubs. I'll run an entity search for "association football club".

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. association football club (wd:Q476028), also known as association soccer club, F.C., FC, football club, soccer club: organisation, in which one or multiple groups of players are organised to compete as a side in association football / sports club devoted to association football (soccer) / sports club devoted to soccer (association football) / sports club devoted to soccer / is subclass of football club
2. Association Football Club (wd:Q5709550), also known as Association F.B.C.: is instance of association football club / is instance of soccer club / Peruvian football club
3. Sunderland A.F.C. (wd:Q18739, matched via Sunderland Association Football Club), also known as SAFC, Sunderland, Sunderland AFC, Sunderland Association Football Club, The Black Cats: association football club in Sunderland, England / is instance of association football club / English national soccer team / is instance of soccer club / English football club
4. Wrexham A.F.C. (wd:Q18529, matched via Wrexham Association Football Club), also known as The Dragons, WAFC, WFC, Wrexham, Wrexham AFC, etc.: association football club in Wrexham, Wales / is instance of association football club / is instance of soccer club / English football club
5. Rochdale A.F.C. (wd:Q48949, matched via Rochdale Association Football Club), also known as RAFC, Rochdale, Rochdale AFC, Rochdale Association Football Club, The Dale: association football club in Rochdale, England / is instance of association football club / English association football club / is instance of soccer club / English football club
6. Barrow A.F.C. (wd:Q18507, matched via Barrow Association Football Club), also known as BAFC, Barrow, Barrow AFC, Barrow Association Football Club, The Bluebirds: association football club in Barrow-in-Furness, England / is instance of association football club / is instance of soccer club / English football club
7. Newtown A.F.C. (wd:Q856474, matched via Newtown Association Football Club), also known as Newtown Association Football Club: is instance of association football club / is instance of soccer club / association football club
8. Workington A.F.C. (wd:Q555635, matched via Workington Association Football Club), also known as The Reds, WAFC, Workington, Workington AFC, Workington Association Football Club: association football club in Workington, England / is instance of association football club / is instance of soccer club
9. Guiseley A.F.C. (wd:Q4132020, matched via Guiseley Association Football Club), also known as GAFC, Guiseley, Guiseley AFC, Guiseley Association Football Club, The Lions: association football club in Guiseley, England / is instance of association football club / is instance of soccer club
10. Weston-super-Mare A.F.C. (wd:Q2343389, matched via Weston-super-Mare Association Football Club), also known as The Seagulls, WAFC, Weston-super-Mare Association, Weston-super-Mare Association AFC, Weston-super-Mare Association Football Club: association football club in Weston-super-Mare, England / is instance of association football club / is instance of soccer club

[Assistant] Step 2: I'll inspect a known Spanish club (Real Madrid) to see which properties indicate it's in Spain (P17 country or others). I'll list triples for wd:Q8683.

[Tool]
Got 925 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject             | property                        | object                                                                                |
| ------------------- | ------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Cold War (wd:Q8683) | instance of (wdt:P31)           | historical period (wd:Q11514315)                                                                                |
| Cold War (wd:Q8683) | Commons category (wdt:P373)     | Cold War                                                                                |
| Cold War (wd:Q8683) | image (wdt:P18)                 | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/US%20Army%20tanks%20face%20off%20against%20Soviet%20tanks%2C%20Berlin%201961.jpg> |
| Cold War (wd:Q8683) | subclass of (wdt:P279)          | low-intensity conflict (wd:Q369799)                                                                                |
| Cold War (wd:Q8683) | Freebase ID (wdt:P646)          | /m/01w1sx                                                                                |
| Cold War (wd:Q8683) | location (wdt:P276)             | Europe (wd:Q46)                                                                                |
| Cold War (wd:Q8683) | short name (wdt:P1813)          | CW (en)                                                                                |
| Cold War (wd:Q8683) | has part(s) (wdt:P527)          | Saur Revolution (wd:Q1341539)                                                                                |
| Cold War (wd:Q8683) | GND ID (wdtn:P227)              | <https://d-nb.info/gnd/4075770-5>                                                                                |
| Cold War (wd:Q8683) | described by source (wdt:P1343) | Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia, vol. 10 (wd:Q124737637)                                                                                |
| ...                 | ...                             | ...                                                                                |

[Assistant] I'll search for the entity "Real Madrid" to inspect its properties for country/location.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Real Madrid CF (wd:Q8682, matched via Real Madrid), also known as Madrid FC, Madrid Football Club, Real FC, Real Football Club, Real Madrid, etc.: association football club in Madrid, Spain / is instance of association football club / Spanish association football club / is instance of soccer club / Spanish soccer club
2. Real Madrid (wd:Q2447092): is instance of association football club / is instance of soccer club / Chilean football club
3. Real Madrid Rugby (wd:Q6102027, matched via Real Madrid), also known as Real Madrid: defunct rugby union section of Spanish Real Madrid C.F. / is instance of rugby union team / is instance of subsidiary
4. Real Madrid CF (wd:Q6362982, matched via Real Madrid), also known as Real Madrid, Real Madrid Club de Fútbol: is instance of multisports club / multi-sport club
5. Real Madrid (wd:Q7300985): is instance of association football club / South African football team / is instance of soccer club
6. Real Madrid (wd:Q7300983): is instance of association football club / is instance of soccer club / Puerto Rican football team
7. Santiago Bernabéu Stadium (wd:Q164027, matched via Real Madrid Stadium), also known as Bernabéu, Bernabeu Stadium, Bernabéu Stadium, E.S.B, Estadio Santiago Bernabéu, etc.: Real Madrid's home ground, stadium in Madrid / is instance of association football venue
8. Real Madrid Baloncesto (wd:Q54922), also known as Real Madrid Basket, Real Madrid Basketball, RM Basketball: professional basketball team in Madrid, Spain / is instance of basketball team
9. Real Madrid Castilla (wd:Q12217), also known as Castilla, Castilla C.F., Real Madrid B, Real Madrid Castilla CF, Real Madrid Castilla Club de Futbol, etc.: Spanish association football team, reserve team of Real Madrid CF / is instance of men's association football team / is instance of reserve team
10. Real Madrid Femenino (wd:Q96791589), also known as Real Madrid Club de Fútbol Femenino, Real Madrid Women, RMCF Women, RM Women: women's football team of the Spanish club Real Madrid CF / is instance of women's association football club / is instance of women's soccer club

[Assistant] I'll list triples for wd:Q8682 (Real Madrid CF) to see properties like country (P17), located in (P131), headquarter location (P159), or country for sports teams.

[Tool]
Got 1,065 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject                   | property                        | object                                                                                |
| ------------------------- | ------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| Real Madrid CF (wd:Q8682) | instance of (wdt:P31)           | association football club (wd:Q476028)                                                                                |
| Real Madrid CF (wd:Q8682) | country (wdt:P17)               | Spain (wd:Q29)                                                                                |
| Real Madrid CF (wd:Q8682) | Commons category (wdt:P373)     | Real Madrid C.F.                                                                                |
| Real Madrid CF (wd:Q8682) | image (wdt:P18)                 | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/%C2%AE%20S.D.%20MADRID%20E.S.B.%20FACHADA%20PRINCIPAL%20-%20panoramio.jpg> |
| Real Madrid CF (wd:Q8682) | Freebase ID (wdt:P646)          | /m/06l22                                                                                |
| Real Madrid CF (wd:Q8682) | inception (wdt:P571)            | 1902-03-06T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime)                                                                                |
| Real Madrid CF (wd:Q8682) | VIAF cluster ID (wdtn:P214)     | <http://viaf.org/viaf/129926959>                                                                                |
| Real Madrid CF (wd:Q8682) | GND ID (wdtn:P227)              | <https://d-nb.info/gnd/6512235-5>                                                                                |
| Real Madrid CF (wd:Q8682) | described by source (wdt:P1343) | Lentapedia (wd:Q17290934)                                                                                |
| Real Madrid CF (wd:Q8682) | sport (wdt:P641)                | association football (wd:Q2736)                                                                                |
| ...                       | ...                             | ...                                                                                |

[Assistant]
Observation: Real Madrid has country (P17) = Spain (wd:Q29) and instance of association football club (wd:Q476028). Strategy: query for items that are instance of (wdt:P31) association football club (wd:Q476028) and country (wdt:P17) Spain (wd:Q29). Also include items that are subclass? Some clubs might be instance of "sports club" with sport association football, and country Spain. Better to include items that have sport=P641 association football and country=Spain. I'll craft a query that returns distinct clubs that either:
- wdt:P31 wd:Q476028 (instance of association football club) and wdt:P17 wd:Q29
OR
- wdt:P31 some subclass of association football club? But simpler: union of (P31=Q476028 and P17=Q29) OR (P641=Q2736 and P17=Q29 and P31 is sports club?). But might duplicate. We'll use DISTINCT.

Also include labels via rdfs:label with FILTER(LANG(...)) optional.

I'll build a query: SELECT DISTINCT ?club ?clubLabel WHERE { { ?club wdt:P31 wd:Q476028; wdt:P17 wd:Q29. } UNION { ?club wdt:P641 wd:Q2736; wdt:P17 wd:Q29. } OPTIONAL { ?club rdfs:label ?clubLabel FILTER(LANG(?clubLabel) = "en") } } ORDER BY ?clubLabel

But must ensure to include Spanish clubs that are 'football club' but maybe instance of 'sports club' and sport association football. The second union handles that. Also women's clubs — sport property applies.

We should execute intermediate? Developer instructions require explain thought process before and after each step and function call. Need to narrate. We already explained earlier. Before calling execute, must explain thought process. We will now call functions.execute with the SPARQL.

Let's create the SPARQL string. Ensure prefixes are implicit so use wdt:, wd:, rdfs:. Also avoid SERVICE label. And query should return IRIs. We'll include rdfs:label optional.

Construct query.

Then call execute.

Now I'll run a SPARQL query that finds items that are in Spain and are association football clubs (either directly instance of 'association football club' or have sport 'association football'). I'll request their IRIs and English labels (labels optional). Then I'll execute the query to verify results.

[Tool]
Got 7,659 rows and 2 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| club                                   | clubLabel                    |
| -------------------------------------- | ---------------------------- |
| wd:Q115568413                          |                              |
| wd:Q115568394                          |                              |
| wd:Q115568396                          |                              |
| wd:Q115568397                          |                              |
| wd:Q115568398                          |                              |
| ...                                    | ...                          |
| Zaragoza Foot-Ball Club (wd:Q29883651) | Zaragoza Foot-Ball Club (en) |
| Zarautz KE (wd:Q913112)                | Zarautz KE (en)              |
| Zarra Trophy (wd:Q1365368)             | Zarra Trophy (en)            |
| Zubieta Facilities (wd:Q9008642)       | Zubieta Facilities (en)      |
| Zumaiako FT (wd:Q9097934)              | Zumaiako FT (en)             |

[Assistant] I'll inspect FC Barcelona to see its instance-of values to refine the query and avoid non-club items.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. FC Barcelona (wd:Q7156), also known as Barça, Barcelona, Barcelona FC, Barcelona Football Club, F.C.B., etc.: association football club based in Barcelona, Spain / association football club based in Barcelona, Spain / is instance of men's association football team / is instance of professional sports team / multisports club in Barcelona, Spain
2. FC BARCELONA (wd:Q1386892): is instance of association football club / is instance of sports club / is instance of soccer club / is instance of sport club / association football club
3. FC Barcelona Juvenil A (wd:Q13562063, matched via FC Barcelona), also known as Barcelona Juvenil A, FC Barcelona, FC Barcelona U-19, FC Barcelona u-19 team, FC Barcelona U19 team, etc.: under-19 team of Spanish professional football club Barcelona / is instance of under-19 football team
4. FC Barcelona (wd:Q3091261), also known as Barça: company in Barcelona, owner of the homonymous team / is instance of not-for-profit organization / is instance of multisports club
5. FC Barcelona (wd:Q5424838): is instance of beach soccer club / beach soccer
6. FC Barcelona (wd:Q8963234): is instance of baseball team / is instance of subsidiary / baseball team in Spain
7. FC Barcelona Atlètic (wd:Q10467), also known as Barcelona "B", Barcelona B, CF Barcelona Atletico, CF Barcelona Atlético, F.C. Barcelona "B", etc.: Spanish football team and the reserve team of FC Barcelona / is instance of association football club / is instance of reserve team / is instance of soccer club
8. FC Barcelona Bàsquet (wd:Q54893), also known as Barca Bàsquet, Barça Bàsquet, FC Barcelona Basketball, FC Barcelona Lassa: is instance of basketball team / Basketball club in Barcelona
9. FC Barcelona Femení (wd:Q522899), also known as Barça Femení, Barça Women, Barcelona Femení, FC Barcelona Women, FCB Women: FC Barcelona's women's association football section / is instance of women's association football team / is instance of women's soccer team
10. FC Barcelona Handbol (wd:Q378906), also known as FC Barcelona Handbol roster, Fútbol Club Barcelona Handbol: is instance of handball team / handball team

[Assistant] I'll list triples for wd:Q7156 to see properties.

[Tool]
Got 2,200 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject                 | property                                                    | object                                                                                |
| ----------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| FC Barcelona (wd:Q7156) | instance of (wdt:P31)                                       | men's association football team (wd:Q103229495)                                         |
| FC Barcelona (wd:Q7156) | country (wdt:P17)                                           | Spain (wd:Q29)                                                                          |
| FC Barcelona (wd:Q7156) | located in the administrative territorial entity (wdt:P131) | Barcelona (wd:Q1492)                                                                    |
| FC Barcelona (wd:Q7156) | Commons category (wdt:P373)                                 | FC Barcelona                                                                            |
| FC Barcelona (wd:Q7156) | image (wdt:P18)                                             | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/2015%20UEFA%20Super%20Cup%2067.jpg> |
| FC Barcelona (wd:Q7156) | part of (wdt:P361)                                          | FC Barcelona (wd:Q3091261)                                                              |
| FC Barcelona (wd:Q7156) | Freebase ID (wdt:P646)                                      | /m/0hvgt                                                                                |
| FC Barcelona (wd:Q7156) | location (wdt:P276)                                         | Camp Nou (wd:Q159848)                                                                   |
| FC Barcelona (wd:Q7156) | inception (wdt:P571)                                        | 1899-11-29T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime)                                                     |
| FC Barcelona (wd:Q7156) | VIAF cluster ID (wdtn:P214)                                 | <http://viaf.org/viaf/130104837>                                                        |
| ...                     | ...                                                         | ...                                                                                |

[Assistant] Observation: Some football clubs are classified as men's association football team (Q103229495) rather than association football club (Q476028). My earlier union with sport=P641 covers many, but might include tournaments, stadiums etc. To better focus: include items whose instance-of is any subclass of association football club or football team. We can look for items where ?club wdt:P31/wdt:P279* wd:Q476028 or wd:Q103229495. However wdt:P31/wdt:P279* is not allowed; need property path: ?club wdt:P31/wdt:P279* wd:Q476028 — allowed in SPARQL? Yes, property path with forward. But wdt:P31/wdt:P279* expects to chain P31 then P279*, but P31 points to classes; many items have P31 pointing to a subclass which is subclass of something. For example, FC Barcelona is instance of men's association football team (Q103229495), which is subclass of association football team? Let's inspect Q103229495.

[Tool]
Got 96 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject                                         | property                             | object                                                                           |
| ----------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------ | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| men's association football team (wd:Q103229495) | image (wdt:P18)                      | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/France%20WC2018%20final.jpg> |
| men's association football team (wd:Q103229495) | subclass of (wdt:P279)               | association football team (wd:Q15944511)                                         |
| men's association football team (wd:Q103229495) | sport (wdt:P641)                     | association football (wd:Q2736)                                                  |
| men's association football team (wd:Q103229495) | different from (wdt:P1889)           | association football team (wd:Q15944511)                                         |
| men's association football team (wd:Q103229495) | opposite of (wdt:P461)               | women's association football team (wd:Q28140340)                                 |
| men's association football team (wd:Q103229495) | properties for this type (wdt:P1963) | wd:P749                                                                          |
| men's association football team (wd:Q103229495) | wdt:P31279                           | sports team (wd:Q12973014)                                                       |
| men's association football team (wd:Q103229495) | schema:description                   | aus Herren bestehende Fußballmannschaft (de)                                     |
| men's association football team (wd:Q103229495) | schema:name                          | équipe de football masculine (fr)                                                |
| men's association football team (wd:Q103229495) | rdf:type                             | wikibase:Item                                                                    |
| ...                                             | ...                                  | ...                                                                              |

[Assistant]
There's hierarchy. I can use property path to check if ?club wdt:P31/rdfs:label? Wait, typical pattern used: ?club wdt:P31 ?type. ?type wdt:P279* wd:Q476028. So we can accept items whose instance-of is a subclass of Q476028. Let's build query:

SELECT DISTINCT ?club ?clubLabel WHERE {
?club wdt:P17 wd:Q29.
?club wdt:P31 ?type.
?type wdt:P279* wd:Q476028.  # type is subclass of association football club
OPTIONAL label...
}

But need to ensure the subclass path exists: many types have P279 chain to Q476028? For men's association football team it's subclass of association football team Q15944511, which likely subclass of association football club? Let's inspect Q15944511.

[Tool]
Got 306 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject                                  | property                         | object                                                                           |
| ---------------------------------------- | -------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| association football team (wd:Q15944511) | Commons category (wdt:P373)      | Association football teams                                                       |
| association football team (wd:Q15944511) | image (wdt:P18)                  | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/France%20WC2018%20final.jpg> |
| association football team (wd:Q15944511) | part of (wdt:P361)               | association football club (wd:Q476028)                                           |
| association football team (wd:Q15944511) | subclass of (wdt:P279)           | sports team (wd:Q12973014)                                                       |
| association football team (wd:Q15944511) | Freebase ID (wdt:P646)           | /m/02xsf                                                                         |
| association football team (wd:Q15944511) | has part(s) (wdt:P527)           | goalkeeper (wd:Q201330)                                                          |
| association football team (wd:Q15944511) | sport (wdt:P641)                 | association football (wd:Q2736)                                                  |
| association football team (wd:Q15944511) | different from (wdt:P1889)       | association football club (wd:Q476028)                                           |
| association football team (wd:Q15944511) | NL CR AUT ID (wdt:P691)          | ph114580                                                                         |
| association football team (wd:Q15944511) | topic's main category (wdt:P910) | wd:Q6384029                                                                      |
| ...                                      | ...                              | ...                                                                              |

[Tool]
Got 536 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject                                | property                                     | object                                           |
| -------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------ |
| association football club (wd:Q476028) | Google Knowledge Graph ID (wdtn:P2671)       | <http://g.co/kg/g/1q6j34wgy>                     |
| association football club (wd:Q476028) | Commons category (wdt:P373)                  | Association football clubs                       |
| association football club (wd:Q476028) | subclass of (wdt:P279)                       | football club (wd:Q17270000)                     |
| association football club (wd:Q476028) | Freebase ID (wdt:P646)                       | /m/02xsf                                         |
| association football club (wd:Q476028) | has part(s) (wdt:P527)                       | trademark (wd:Q167270)                           |
| association football club (wd:Q476028) | GND ID (wdtn:P227)                           | <https://d-nb.info/gnd/4155742-6>                |
| association football club (wd:Q476028) | sport (wdt:P641)                             | association football (wd:Q2736)                  |
| association football club (wd:Q476028) | Library of Congress authority ID (wdtn:P244) | <http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/sh85123848> |
| association football club (wd:Q476028) | different from (wdt:P1889)                   | men's association football club (wd:Q103231176)  |
| association football club (wd:Q476028) | J9U ID (wdt:P8189)                           | 987007551046105171                               |
| ...                                    | ...                                          | ...                                              |

[Assistant]
Using the subclass chain from an instance's P31 to Q476028 seems plausible: many items' P31 types are subclasses that ultimately link. I'll build the SPARQL query that selects items with country Spain and whose instance-of type is subclass of association football club. Also include items where sport=association football and country Spain but maybe instance-of missing; but that could include players, tournaments etc. Better to restrict to items that are instance of something that is subclass of sports team or association football club. I'll include both: either P31 chain to Q476028 OR P641=Q2736 and P31/rdfs:label? Hmm.

I'll craft final query:

SELECT DISTINCT ?club ?clubLabel WHERE {
  ?club wdt:P17 wd:Q29.
  ?club wdt:P31 ?type.
  ?type wdt:P279* wd:Q476028.
  OPTIONAL { ?club rdfs:label ?clubLabel FILTER(LANG(?clubLabel)="en") }
}
ORDER BY ?clubLabel

This should retrieve clubs in Spain. Let's execute. We'll explain before running.

Now I'll run the refined query that selects items in Spain whose instance-of type is a (subclass of) association football club. This should reduce non-club items. Then I'll check the results.

[Tool]
Got 1,590 rows and 2 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| club                                           | clubLabel                             |
| ---------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------- |
| wd:Q112841080                                  |                                       |
| wd:Q130748381                                  |                                       |
| wd:Q111721674                                  |                                       |
| wd:Q111748897                                  |                                       |
| wd:Q111805067                                  |                                       |
| ...                                            | ...                                   |
| Zamudio SD (wd:Q846959)                        | Zamudio SD (en)                       |
| Zaragoza CD (wd:Q8066577)                      | Zaragoza CD (en)                      |
| Zaragoza Club de Fútbol Femenino (wd:Q5010147) | Zaragoza Club de Fútbol Femenino (en) |
| Zarautz KE (wd:Q913112)                        | Zarautz KE (en)                       |
| Zumaiako FT (wd:Q9097934)                      | Zumaiako FT (en)                      |

[Assistant] I will provide the final SPARQL query I used and the result summary. The query finds items whose country (wdt:P17) is Spain (wd:Q29) and whose instance-of (wdt:P31) type is a subclass (wdt:P279*) of association football club (wd:Q476028). I executed the query and it returned 1,590 distinct items (soccer clubs in Spain). Now I'll finalize with the SPARQL query and the result count.

[Tool] Stopping


PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
SELECT ?country ?countryLabel ( COUNT( DISTINCT ?lang ) AS ?numLangs ) WHERE {
  {
    ?country wdt:P31 / wdt:P279 * wd:Q6256 .
  } UNION {
    ?country wdt:P31 / wdt:P279 * wd:Q3624078 .
  }
  ?country wdt:P37 ?lang .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?country rdfs:label ?countryLabel FILTER ( LANG( ?countryLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}
GROUP BY ?country ?countryLabel
HAVING ( COUNT( DISTINCT ?lang ) > 2 )
ORDER BY DESC ( ?numLangs )
LIMIT 500

Using entities:
sovereign state (wd:Q3624078), also known as country, nation, sovereign country, sovereign nation, Westphalian state
country (wd:Q6256), also known as countries

Using properties:
subclass of (wd:P279 as wdt), also known as all members of this class also belong to, category of, form of, has superclass, is a class of, etc.
instance of (wd:P31 as wdt), also known as example of, has type, is a, is an, is of type, etc.
official language (wd:P37 as wdt), also known as language official, language spoken, speaking, spoken in, P37

Got 40 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| country                              | countryLabel                    | numLangs     |
| ------------------------------------ | ------------------------------- | ------------ |
| Taiwan (wd:Q865)                     | Taiwan (en)                     | 22 (xsd:int) |
| Zimbabwe (wd:Q954)                   | Zimbabwe (en)                   | 16 (xsd:int) |
| Mali (wd:Q912)                       | Mali (en)                       | 13 (xsd:int) |
| South Africa (wd:Q258)               | South Africa (en)               | 12 (xsd:int) |
| Asgardia (wd:Q27304761)              | Asgardia (en)                   | 12 (xsd:int) |
| ...                                  | ...                             | ...          |
| Cyprus (wd:Q229)                     | Cyprus (en)                     | 3 (xsd:int)  |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina (wd:Q225)     | Bosnia and Herzegovina (en)     | 3 (xsd:int)  |
| People's Republic of China (wd:Q148) | People's Republic of China (en) | 3 (xsd:int)  |
| Nova Roma (wd:Q1194329)              | Nova Roma (en)                  | 3 (xsd:int)  |
| Seychelles (wd:Q1042)                | Seychelles (en)                 | 3 (xsd:int)  |

Answer: I executed the query which returns countries with more than two official languages. The query results (40 items) include countries such as: Taiwan (22), Zimbabwe (16), Mali (13), South Africa (12), Asgardia (12), India (6), Belgium (3), Switzerland (4), Cameroon (3), Russia (3), China (3), Cyprus (3), Bosnia and Herzegovina (3), Seychelles (3), among others. The full list of returned countries (IRIs included) is available in the query results.

Which countries have more than two official languages?

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Search for the entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Execute intermediate queries to get feedback and to verify your assumptions. You may need to refine or rethink your current plan based on the query results and go back to step 2 if needed, possibly multiple times.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at http://localhost:7001 without notes

You are provided with the following notes across all knowledge graphs:
No notes available

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
qlss: <https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/spatialSearch/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow these rules:
- Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
- Do not just use or make up entity or property identifiers without verifying their existence in the knowledge graphs first.
- Do not use "SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ..." in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.
- Always execute your final SPARQL query before giving an answer to make sure it returns the expected results.
- The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
- Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
- Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
- For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.

[User] Which countries have more than two official languages?

[Assistant] I'll search for the property used for "official language" on Wikidata, then look for items that are instances of "country" and count their official languages to find those with more than two. I'll first search for the property.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. official language (wd:P37 as ps/psv/wdt/wdtn/p/pqv/prv/prn/pr/psn/pqn/pq), also known as language official, language spoken, speaking, spoken in, P37: language designated as official by this item / language designated as official by this item / language designated as official by this item / language designated as official by this item / is subproperty of language used
2. native label (wd:P1705 as ps/psv/wdt/wdtn/p/pqv/prv/prn/pr/psn/pqn/pq, matched via official language name), also known as autonym, label in official language, label in original language, name in official language, name in original language, etc.: label for the items in their official language (P37) or their original language (P364) / label for the items in their official language (P37) or their original language (P364) / label for the items in their official language (P37) or their original language (P364) / label for the items in their official language  or their original language / is subproperty of name
3. original language of film or TV show (wd:P364 as ps/psv/wdt/wdtn/p/pqv/prv/prn/pr/psn/pqn/pq, matched via original language), also known as created on language, language of the original work, media language, original language, P364: language in which a film or a performance work was originally ... and songs; use P407 ("language of work or name") instead. / language in which a film or a performance work was originally ... written works; use P407 ("language of work or name") instead. / language in which a film or a performance work was originally ... written works; use P407 ("language of work or name") instead. / is subproperty of language of work or name
4. language used (wd:P2936 as ps/psv/wdt/wdtn/p/pqv/prv/prn/pr/psn/pqn/pq, matched via working language), also known as languages used, medium of instruction, used language, uses language, working language, etc.: language widely used (spoken or written) in this place or at this event or organisation
5. native language (wd:P103 as ps/psv/wdt/wdtn/p/pqv/prv/prn/pr/psn/pqn/pq, matched via first language), also known as first language, L1 speaker of, language native, mother tongue, P103: language or languages a person has learned from early childhood / is subproperty of languages spoken, written or signed / language or languages a person has learned from birth / language or languages a person has learned from birth
6. language regulatory body (wd:P1018 as ps/psv/wdt/wdtn/p/pqv/prv/prn/pr/psn/pqn/pq, matched via language authority), also known as language authority, regulatory body, P1018: regulatory body of a language
7. language of work or name (wd:P407 as ps/psv/wdt/wdtn/p/pqv/prv/prn/pr/psn/pqn/pq, matched via used language), also known as audio language, available in, broadcasting language, language, language of name, etc.: language associated with this creative work (such as books, ... (P103) and "languages spoken, written or signed" (P1412)) / language associated with this creative work (such as books, ... (P103) and "languages spoken, written or signed" (P1412)) / language associated with this work or name (for persons use P103 and P1412)
8. languages spoken, written or signed (wd:P1412 as ps/psv/wdt/wdtn/p/pqv/prv/prn/pr/psn/pqn/pq, matched via used language), also known as language, language of expression, language read, language signed, languages of expression, etc.: language(s) that a person or a people speaks, writes or signs, including the native language(s) / language(s) that a person speaks or writes, including the native language(s) / language(s) that a person speaks or writes, including the native language(s)
9. programmed in (wd:P277 as ps/psv/wdt/wdtn/p/pqv/prv/prn/pr/psn/pqn/pq, matched via language), also known as language, programming language, written in, P277: the programming language(s) in which the software is developed
10. Ethnologue language status (wd:P3823 as ps/psv/wdt/wdtn/p/pqv/prv/prn/pr/psn/pqn/pq, matched via language status), also known as EGIDS, language status, P3823: language status identifier by Ethnologue.com using EGIDS scale / language status identifier by Ethnologue.com using EGIDS scale

[Assistant] I'll search for the Wikidata item for "country" (class) to use it to find countries.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. country (wd:Q6256), also known as countries: region legally identified as a distinct entity in political geography / is instance of administrative territorial entity type / distinct territorial body or political entity / distinct territorial body or political entity / is subclass of political territorial entity / is instance of territorial entity type / is subclass of territorial entity / is subclass of territory / is instance of agent
2. country music (wd:Q83440, matched via country), also known as country, country and western, country & western: is subclass of music of North America / genre of American popular music / genre of American popular music / is subclass of popular music / is instance of radio format / is instance of music genre
3. sovereign state (wd:Q3624078, matched via country), also known as country, nation, sovereign country, sovereign nation, Westphalian state: political organisation with a centralised independent government / political organisation with a centralised independent government / state that has the highest authority over a territory / is subclass of country / is subclass of state
4. Dennis Rodman (wd:Q201608, matched via Country), also known as Country, Demolition Man, Dennis Keith Rodman, Dennis the Menace, Psycho, etc.: has occupation professional wrestler / has occupation basketball player / has occupation basketball coach / has occupation amateur wrestler / has occupation voice actor / American basketball player / has occupation film actor / has occupation actor / is instance of human
5. Country (wd:Q1754454): 1984 film directed by Richard Pearce / is instance of film
6. .country (wd:Q20571777): is instance of top-level domain / top-level domain
7. Country (wd:Q131740702): is instance of album / album by Tom Jones
8. country (wd:Q22828881): is instance of Wikimedia permanent duplicated page / is instance of Wikimedia permanent duplicate item
9. Country (wd:Q26779428): Chilean political party founded in 2016 / is instance of political party
10. Country (wd:Q48816259): People in rural areas of the United States

[Assistant] I'll construct a SPARQL query that finds items that are instances of "country" (wd:Q6256) or subclass of sovereign state? The user likely means sovereign states. Better to include instance of country (Q6256) or instance of sovereign state (Q3624078) or subclass? Many country items are instance of sovereign state. I'll check examples: list some countries and their P37 usage. I'll query for countries with P37 and count. I'll build a query to get countries (instance of Q6256 or Q3624078) and count distinct official languages (wdt:P37) and filter >2. Include labels. I'll run an initial query to see results.

[Tool]
Got 40 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| country                              | countryLabel                    | numLangs     |
| ------------------------------------ | ------------------------------- | ------------ |
| Taiwan (wd:Q865)                     | Taiwan (en)                     | 22 (xsd:int) |
| Zimbabwe (wd:Q954)                   | Zimbabwe (en)                   | 16 (xsd:int) |
| Mali (wd:Q912)                       | Mali (en)                       | 13 (xsd:int) |
| South Africa (wd:Q258)               | South Africa (en)               | 12 (xsd:int) |
| Asgardia (wd:Q27304761)              | Asgardia (en)                   | 12 (xsd:int) |
| ...                                  | ...                             | ...          |
| Cyprus (wd:Q229)                     | Cyprus (en)                     | 3 (xsd:int)  |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina (wd:Q225)     | Bosnia and Herzegovina (en)     | 3 (xsd:int)  |
| People's Republic of China (wd:Q148) | People's Republic of China (en) | 3 (xsd:int)  |
| Nova Roma (wd:Q1194329)              | Nova Roma (en)                  | 3 (xsd:int)  |
| Seychelles (wd:Q1042)                | Seychelles (en)                 | 3 (xsd:int)  |

[Assistant] I'll refine the query to restrict to items that are instances of "sovereign state" (wd:Q3624078) to avoid micronations and non-sovereign entities, then count distinct official languages (wdt:P37) and return those with more than two. I'll run that query to verify the results.

[Tool]
Got 37 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| country                              | countryLabel                    | numLangs     |
| ------------------------------------ | ------------------------------- | ------------ |
| Taiwan (wd:Q865)                     | Taiwan (en)                     | 22 (xsd:int) |
| Zimbabwe (wd:Q954)                   | Zimbabwe (en)                   | 16 (xsd:int) |
| Mali (wd:Q912)                       | Mali (en)                       | 13 (xsd:int) |
| South Africa (wd:Q258)               | South Africa (en)               | 12 (xsd:int) |
| Asgardia (wd:Q27304761)              | Asgardia (en)                   | 12 (xsd:int) |
| ...                                  | ...                             | ...          |
| Cyprus (wd:Q229)                     | Cyprus (en)                     | 3 (xsd:int)  |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina (wd:Q225)     | Bosnia and Herzegovina (en)     | 3 (xsd:int)  |
| People's Republic of China (wd:Q148) | People's Republic of China (en) | 3 (xsd:int)  |
| Nova Roma (wd:Q1194329)              | Nova Roma (en)                  | 3 (xsd:int)  |
| Seychelles (wd:Q1042)                | Seychelles (en)                 | 3 (xsd:int)  |

[Assistant] I'll execute a final verification query that finds items that are instances of "country" (wd:Q6256) or "sovereign state" (wd:Q3624078) and count their official languages (wdt:P37), returning those with more than two. I'll request labels in English as optional and order by the number of official languages. Then I'll use the verified results to provide the final answer.

[Tool]
Got 40 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| country                              | countryLabel                    | numLangs     |
| ------------------------------------ | ------------------------------- | ------------ |
| Taiwan (wd:Q865)                     | Taiwan (en)                     | 22 (xsd:int) |
| Zimbabwe (wd:Q954)                   | Zimbabwe (en)                   | 16 (xsd:int) |
| Mali (wd:Q912)                       | Mali (en)                       | 13 (xsd:int) |
| South Africa (wd:Q258)               | South Africa (en)               | 12 (xsd:int) |
| Asgardia (wd:Q27304761)              | Asgardia (en)                   | 12 (xsd:int) |
| ...                                  | ...                             | ...          |
| Cyprus (wd:Q229)                     | Cyprus (en)                     | 3 (xsd:int)  |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina (wd:Q225)     | Bosnia and Herzegovina (en)     | 3 (xsd:int)  |
| People's Republic of China (wd:Q148) | People's Republic of China (en) | 3 (xsd:int)  |
| Nova Roma (wd:Q1194329)              | Nova Roma (en)                  | 3 (xsd:int)  |
| Seychelles (wd:Q1042)                | Seychelles (en)                 | 3 (xsd:int)  |

[Assistant] Now I'll finalize by returning the final SPARQL query I used and summarizing the results. Per instructions, I must call the answer function with the final query and the answer derived from the results.

[Tool] Stopping