PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
ASK WHERE {
  {
    wd:Q1067089 wdt:P279 * wd:Q82821 .
  } UNION {
    wd:Q1067089 wdt:P31 ?inst .
    ?inst wdt:P279 * wd:Q82821 .
  } UNION {
    wd:Q1067089 wdt:P1552 ?char .
    ?char wdt:P279 * wd:Q82821 .
  } UNION {
    wd:Q1067089 wdt:P1552 wd:Q82821 .
  }
}

Using entities:
throat singing (wd:Q1067089), also known as guttural singing, throat song
tradition (wd:Q82821), also known as custom, folk custom

Using properties:
has characteristic (wd:P1552 as wdt), also known as aspect, attribute, characteristic, characterized by, defined by, etc.
subclass of (wd:P279 as wdt), also known as all members of this class also belong to, category of, form of, has superclass, is a class of, etc.
instance of (wd:P31 as wdt), also known as example of, has type, is a, is an, is of type, etc.

Answer: I will report the ASK query result and explain what it means.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Search for the entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Execute intermediate queries to get feedback and to verify your assumptions. You may need to refine or rethink your current plan based on the query results and go back to step 2 if needed, possibly multiple times.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at http://localhost:7001 without notes

You are provided with the following notes across all knowledge graphs:
No notes available

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
qlss: <https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/spatialSearch/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow these rules:
- Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
- Do not just use or make up entity or property identifiers without verifying their existence in the knowledge graphs first.
- Do not use "SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ..." in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.
- Always execute your final SPARQL query before giving an answer to make sure it returns the expected results.
- The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
- Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
- Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
- For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.

[User] Is throat singing a tradition?

[Assistant] I will first search Wikidata for the item that corresponds to "throat singing" to identify its Q-id. Then I'll check whether that item is classified as a tradition (i.e., instance of or subclass of "tradition"). I'll start by searching for the throat singing entity.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. overtone singing (wd:Q691771, matched via throat singing), also known as harmonic singing, overtone chanting, throat singing: is instance of vocal technique / is instance of singing style / is instance of music genre / is subclass of vocal sound / is subclass of vocal music / is subclass of singing / singing technique
2. throat singing (wd:Q1067089), also known as guttural singing, throat song: vocal practices found in different cultures of the world and ... a wide range of techniques for producing voice and song / is subclass of traditional activity / is instance of vocal technique / is instance of singing style / is instance of music genre / is subclass of vocal music / is subclass of vocal sound / is instance of voice type / is subclass of singing
3. Inuit throat singing (wd:Q2956224, matched via throat singing), also known as Iirngaaq, Inuit vocal games, Katadjak, katajjaq, Nipaquhiit, etc.: form of musical performance uniquely found among the Inuit / is instance of musical expression / is subclass of throat singing / is instance of singing style / is instance of music genre / is subclass of Inuit music
4. undertone singing (wd:Q109584422, matched via throat singing), also known as throat singing: is instance of vocal technique / is subclass of vocal music / is subclass of vocal sound / is subclass of singing / vocal technique
5. Tuvan throat singing (wd:Q108757333), also known as Tuvan overtone singing, xóómej, xöömej, xöömey, xöömэi, etc.: is subclass of Central Asian throat singing / is instance of music genre / music genre
6. Mongolian throat singing (wd:Q16801007), also known as hôômij, khoomei, khöömii, khöömiĭ, Mongolian overtone singing: is subclass of Central Asian throat singing / is instance of music genre / music genre
7. Throat Singing in Kangirsuk (wd:Q85809428): is instance of film / 2019 film
8. Central Asian throat singing (wd:Q110606359): is subclass of Turkic-Mongolic music / is subclass of throat singing / is instance of music genre / music genre
9. singing (wd:Q27939), also known as chant, singing sound, vocals: act of producing musical sounds with the voice / is subclass of musical performance / is subclass of activity
10. throat (wd:Q16364): anterior part of the neck, in front of the vertebra / is instance of solitary organism subdivision type / is subclass of subdivision of front of neck / is subclass of particular anatomical entity / is instance of class of anatomical entity

[Assistant] Next I will list the statements (triples) for the Wikidata item that likely corresponds to "throat singing" (wd:Q1067089) to see its "instance of" (P31) and "subclass of" (P279) claims.

[Tool]
Got 202 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject                      | property                         | object                                                                                |
| ---------------------------- | -------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| throat singing (wd:Q1067089) | instance of (wdt:P31)            | music genre (wd:Q188451)                                                                                |
| throat singing (wd:Q1067089) | Commons category (wdt:P373)      | Throat singing                                                                                |
| throat singing (wd:Q1067089) | image (wdt:P18)                  | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Charlotte%20-%20Alexia%20-%20Inuit%20throat%20singing.jpg> |
| throat singing (wd:Q1067089) | subclass of (wdt:P279)           | singing (wd:Q27939)                                                                                |
| throat singing (wd:Q1067089) | Freebase ID (wdt:P646)           | /m/02qdrxy                                                                                |
| throat singing (wd:Q1067089) | different from (wdt:P1889)       | overtone singing (wd:Q691771)                                                                                |
| throat singing (wd:Q1067089) | NL CR AUT ID (wdt:P691)          | ph467680                                                                                |
| throat singing (wd:Q1067089) | topic's main category (wdt:P910) | wd:Q8852930                                                                                |
| throat singing (wd:Q1067089) | has characteristic (wdt:P1552)   | music tradition (wd:Q60733114)                                                                                |
| throat singing (wd:Q1067089) | facet of (wdt:P1269)             | overtone singing (wd:Q691771)                                                                                |
| ...                          | ...                              | ...                                                                                |

[Assistant] I will search Wikidata for an item for "tradition" to see its Q-id, and check whether throat singing is stated to be an instance of or subclass of tradition. I'll search for "tradition" next.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. tradition (wd:Q82821), also known as custom, folk custom: custom passed down through generations / is subclass of heritage / is subclass of custom
2. common law (wd:Q30216, matched via tradition), also known as case law system, common law system, convention, custom, customary law system, etc.: law created by judicial precedent / law as developed by the courts / is instance of legal system / is instance of type of law / is subclass of legislation / is subclass of statute / is subclass of law / is subclass of Law
3. heritage (wd:Q2434238, matched via tradition), also known as tradition: property, custom, or other material, immaterial or natural ... and conserved for its importance for future generations / is subclass of object
4. Tradition (wd:Q9019596): sculpture by Agapit Vallmitjana i Barbany / is instance of sculpture
5. Tradition (wd:Q123738785): is instance of version, edition or translation / 1922 edition of essay by Stuart Sherman
6. Tradition (wd:Q19107178), also known as Tradition, thou art for suckling children: 1905 Stephen Crane poem / is instance of poem
7. Tradition (wd:Q48672643): is instance of film / 2016 film
8. Rosa 'Tradition' (wd:Q83670721, matched via Tradition), also known as Tradition: is instance of rose cultivar / rose cultivar
9. Tradition (wd:Q7832267): is instance of musical work/composition / song
10. Tradition (wd:Q7832266): is instance of periodical / journal

[Assistant] I'll inspect the throat singing item more thoroughly to see if it's linked as subclass of "traditional activity" or has "has characteristic: music tradition" as seen earlier. I need to determine if throat singing can be considered a tradition. I'll query specifically for P31 (instance of), P279 (subclass of), and P1552 (has characteristic) for wd:Q1067089 to see evidence.

[Tool]
Call to function execute returned an error:
failed to parse input: parse error at position 140 for token = with content '=' (the input most likely does not follow the grammar)

[Assistant] I will run separate queries to fetch the instance of (P31), subclass of (P279), and has characteristic (P1552) values for wd:Q1067089 (throat singing). This will verify whether throat singing is explicitly classified as a tradition.

[Tool]
Call to function execute returned an error:
failed to parse input: parse error at position 7 for token STRING_LITERAL2 with content '"P31"' (the input most likely does not follow the grammar)

[Assistant] I'll run a SPARQL query that retrieves the P31, P279, and P1552 values for throat singing (wd:Q1067089).

[Tool]
Got 9 rows and 3 columns:
| prop  | value                              | valueLabel                |
| ----- | ---------------------------------- | ------------------------- |
| P31   | voice type (wd:Q1063547)           | voice type (en)           |
| P31   | singing style (wd:Q112613966)      | singing style (en)        |
| P31   | music genre (wd:Q188451)           | music genre (en)          |
| P31   | vocal technique (wd:Q3516862)      | vocal technique (en)      |
| P279  | traditional activity (wd:Q1982569) | traditional activity (en) |
| P279  | singing (wd:Q27939)                | singing (en)              |
| P279  | vocal sound (wd:Q4393922)          | vocal sound (en)          |
| P279  | vocal music (wd:Q685884)           | vocal music (en)          |
| P1552 | music tradition (wd:Q60733114)     | music tradition (en)      |

[Assistant] I'll check whether "music tradition" (wd:Q60733114), which throat singing is marked as having the characteristic of, is a (sub)class of "tradition" (wd:Q82821). I'll query subclass (P279) paths for music tradition.

[Tool] True

[Assistant] I'll run a final ASK query that checks whether throat singing (wd:Q1067089) is connected to the concept "tradition" (wd:Q82821) via subclass (P279), instance of (P31) chains, or via "has characteristic" (P1552). If the ASK returns true, that indicates Wikidata classifies throat singing as a tradition (directly or indirectly).

[Tool] Stopping


PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
SELECT DISTINCT ?author ?authorLabel ?cause ?causeLabel WHERE {
  wd:Q271723 wdt:P50 ?author .
  ?author wdt:P509 ?cause .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?author rdfs:label ?authorLabel FILTER ( LANG( ?authorLabel ) = "en" )
  }
  OPTIONAL {
    ?cause rdfs:label ?causeLabel FILTER ( LANG( ?causeLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}

Using entities:
Alea iacta est (wd:Q271723), also known as Alea iacta sunt

Using properties:
cause of death (wd:P509 as wdt), also known as death cause, died of, die from, die of, method of murder, etc.
author (wd:P50 as wdt), also known as co-author, creator, maker, playwright, poet, etc.

Answer: I queried the item for the Latin phrase "Alea iacta est" (wd:Q271723), followed the author link (wdt:P50) to Julius Caesar (wd:Q1048), and retrieved his cause of death (wdt:P509). The query returns: cause = wd:Q166019 (bleeding). So: Julius Caesar (wd:Q1048) died of bleeding (wd:Q166019).

what did the author of the phrase: "Alea iacta est" die of?

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Search for the entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Execute intermediate queries to get feedback and to verify your assumptions. You may need to refine or rethink your current plan based on the query results and go back to step 2 if needed, possibly multiple times.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at http://localhost:7001 without notes

You are provided with the following notes across all knowledge graphs:
No notes available

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
qlss: <https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/spatialSearch/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow these rules:
- Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
- Do not just use or make up entity or property identifiers without verifying their existence in the knowledge graphs first.
- Do not use "SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ..." in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.
- Always execute your final SPARQL query before giving an answer to make sure it returns the expected results.
- The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
- Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
- Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
- For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.

[User] what did the author of the phrase: "Alea iacta est" die of?

[Assistant] Step 1: I'll search Wikidata for an item matching the phrase "Alea iacta est" to find the entity representing the phrase and any property that links it to its author. I'll run an entity search for that phrase.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Alea iacta est (wd:Q271723), also known as Alea iacta sunt: is instance of Latin phrase / is instance of winged words / phrase
2. The ‘Anthropocene’: alea iacta est (wd:Q129631880): scholarly article published on 22 January 2024 / is instance of scholarly article / is instance of academic article
3. President's message. Alea iacta est (wd:Q84096493): scientific article published on 01 January 2012 / scientific article published in January 2012 / scientific article published in January 2012 / is instance of scholarly article / is instance of academic article / is instance of editorial
4. Strategic initiatives: Alea iacta est! (wd:Q85732933): scientific article published on 01 September 2010 / is instance of scholarly article / is instance of academic article
5. Clinical-grade Computational Pathology: Alea Iacta Est (wd:Q92540890): scientific article published on 11 December 2019 / is instance of scholarly article / is instance of academic article
6. Particle Therapy in Australia: iacta alea est! (wd:Q99715552): scientific article published on 25 September 2020 / is instance of scholarly article / is instance of academic article
7. Alea Jacta Est (wd:Q4714058): is instance of album / album by WarCry
8. Alea Jacta Est (wd:Q25409653): is instance of video game / 2012 video game / 2012 video game / 2012 video game
9. Alea Jacta Est Tour (wd:Q4714056): is instance of concert tour
10. Alea (wd:Q15753007, matched via Alea: Estudos Neolatinos), also known as Alea: Estudos Neolatinos, Alea (Rio de Janeiro): is instance of diamond open-access journal / is instance of open-access journal / is instance of scientific journal / is instance of academic journal / Neo-Latin studies journal

[Assistant] I'll list statements/triples for the Alea iacta est item to find the property linking it to its author.

[Tool]
Got 241 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject                     | property                                                  | object                                                           |
| --------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Alea iacta est (wd:Q271723) | instance of (wdt:P31)                                     | winged words (wd:Q1935136)                                       |
| Alea iacta est (wd:Q271723) | published in (wdt:P1433)                                  | The Twelve Caesars (wd:Q1229963)                                 |
| Alea iacta est (wd:Q271723) | author (wdt:P50)                                          | Julius Caesar (wd:Q1048)                                         |
| Alea iacta est (wd:Q271723) | language of work or name (wdt:P407)                       | Latin (wd:Q397)                                                  |
| Alea iacta est (wd:Q271723) | Freebase ID (wdt:P646)                                    | /m/09w4dk                                                        |
| Alea iacta est (wd:Q271723) | inception (wdt:P571)                                      | -0048-01-11T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime)                             |
| Alea iacta est (wd:Q271723) | described by source (wdt:P1343)                           | Small Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (wd:Q19180675) |
| Alea iacta est (wd:Q271723) | Quora topic ID (wdt:P3417)                                | Alea-Iacta-Est                                                   |
| Alea iacta est (wd:Q271723) | Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana ID (former scheme) (wdt:P1296) | 21024157                                                         |
| Alea iacta est (wd:Q271723) | Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana ID (wdt:P12385)                | alea-iacta-est                                                   |
| ...                         | ...                                                       | ...                                                              |

[Assistant] Next I'll search for properties related to "cause of death" to find the correct Wikidata property I should query for. I'll run a property search for "cause of death".

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. cause of death (wd:P509 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq), also known as death cause, died of, die from, die of, method of murder, etc.: underlying or immediate cause of death.  Underlying cause ... category, e.g. natural causes, accident, homicide, suicide / underlying or immediate cause of death.  Underlying cause ... category, e.g. natural causes, accident, homicide, suicide / an item describing the cause of a person or specific organism's death. Samples: leukaemia, car crash / medical cause of a person or specific organism's death (not to be confused with P1196)
2. manner of death (wd:P1196 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq, matched via circumstance of death), also known as circumstance of death, death manner, death type, nature of death, type of death, etc.: general circumstances of a person's death; e.g. natural ... mechanism, e.g. heart attack, trauma, pneumonia etc. / general circumstances of a person's death; e.g. natural ... mechanism, e.g. heart attack, trauma, pneumonia etc. / general circumstances of a person's death; e.g. natural ... mechanism, e.g. heart attack, trauma, pneumonia...
3. has effect (wd:P1542 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq, matched via cause of), also known as caused, cause of, causes, consequence, effect, etc.: is subproperty of followed by / effect of this item
4. number of deaths (wd:P1120 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq, matched via deaths), also known as dead, death count, death number, deaths, death toll, etc.: total (cumulative) number of people who died since start as a direct result of an event or cause / number of ALL people who died as a direct result of an event or cause / number of ALL people who died as a direct result of an event or cause
5. has cause (wd:P828 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq, matched via cause), also known as because, cause, caused by, due to, effect of, etc.: underlying cause, entity that ultimately resulted in this effect / underlying cause, thing that ultimately resulted in this effect / is subproperty of follows
6. place of death (wd:P20 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq, matched via died), also known as death location, death place, deathplace, died, died in, etc.: most specific known (e.g. city instead of country, or ... death location of a person, animal or fictional character / most specific known (e.g. city instead of country, or ... death location of a person, animal or fictional character / most specific known (e.g. city instead of country, or ... death location of a person, animal or fictional character / is subproperty of location
7. date of death (wd:P570 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq, matched via died), also known as date of the end, dead, death, death date, deathdate, etc.: is subproperty of dissolved, abolished or demolished date / is subproperty of dissolved, abolished or demolished / date on which the subject died / date on which the subject died / date on which the subject died / is subproperty of end time
8. end cause (wd:P1534 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq, matched via cause of ending), also known as cause of ending, ended by, end has cause, end reason, reason for end, etc.: qualifier used together with the end date qualifier (P582) to specify the reason for the end / qualifier to use together with the end date qualifier (P582) to specify the cause
9. dissolved, abolished or demolished date (wd:P576 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq, matched via ceased on), also known as abolished, abolishment date, ceased date, ceased on, ceased publication, etc.: point in time at which the subject (organisation, building) ...  "discontinued date" (P2669) for stopping a product / date or point in time on which the organisation was dissolved/disappeared or the building demolished / is subproperty of end time
10. cause of destruction (wd:P770 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq), also known as destroyed by, reason of failure, P770: item which caused the destruction of the subject item / item which caused the destruction of the subject item / is subproperty of has cause

[Assistant] I will list triples for the author Julius Caesar (to verify his Wikidata Q-id and see the "cause of death" property on his item). I'll call the list function for wd:Q1048.

[Tool]
Got 1,874 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject                  | property                         | object                                                                                |
| ------------------------ | -------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Julius Caesar (wd:Q1048) | instance of (wdt:P31)            | human (wd:Q5)                                                                                |
| Julius Caesar (wd:Q1048) | occupation (wdt:P106)            | ruler (wd:Q1097498)                                                                                |
| Julius Caesar (wd:Q1048) | sex or gender (wdt:P21)          | male (wd:Q6581097)                                                                                |
| Julius Caesar (wd:Q1048) | date of birth (wdt:P569)         | -0099-07-01T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime)                                                                      |
| Julius Caesar (wd:Q1048) | Commons category (wdt:P373)      | Julius Caesar                                                                                |
| Julius Caesar (wd:Q1048) | image (wdt:P18)                  | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Gaius%20Iulius%20Caesar%20%28Vatican%20Museum%29.jpg> |
| Julius Caesar (wd:Q1048) | country of citizenship (wdt:P27) | Ancient Rome (wd:Q1747689)                                                                                |
| Julius Caesar (wd:Q1048) | Freebase ID (wdt:P646)           | /m/041wm                                                                                |
| Julius Caesar (wd:Q1048) | VIAF cluster ID (wdtn:P214)      | <http://viaf.org/viaf/286265178>                                                                          |
| Julius Caesar (wd:Q1048) | place of birth (wdt:P19)         | Rome (wd:Q220)                                                                                |
| ...                      | ...                              | ...                                                                                |

[Assistant] I'll search within properties of Julius Caesar for "cause" or "cause of death" to find the exact property usage.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. significant event (wd:P793 as p/wdt, matched via outcome), also known as big event, event, fate, important event, key event, etc.: significant or notable events associated with the subject / significant or notable events associated with the subject / significant or notable events associated with the subject
2. child (wd:P40 as p/wdt, matched via issue), also known as children, daughter, daughters, descendants, father of, etc.: subject has object as child. Do not use for stepchildren—use "relative" (P1038), qualified with "type of kinship" (P1039) / subject has the object in their family as their offspring son or daughter (independently of their age) / subject has object as biological, foster, and/or adoptive child / is subproperty of significant person / is subproperty of relative
3. cause of death (wd:P509 as p/wdt), also known as death cause, died of, die from, die of, method of murder, etc.: underlying or immediate cause of death.  Underlying cause ... category, e.g. natural causes, accident, homicide, suicide / underlying or immediate cause of death.  Underlying cause ... category, e.g. natural causes, accident, homicide, suicide / an item describing the cause of a person or specific organism's death. Samples: leukaemia, car crash / medical cause of a person or specific organism's death (not to be confused with P1196)
4. medical condition (wd:P1050 as p/wdt, matched via condition), also known as ailment, condition, disability, disease, disorder, etc.: any state relevant to the health of an organism, including diseases and positive conditions / disease or other health problem affecting an individual human or other animal
5. different from (wd:P1889 as p/wdt, matched via not), also known as confused with, differs from, disambiguated from, distinct from, distinguished from, etc.: item that is different from another item, with which it is often confused / item that is different from another item, with which it may be confused
6. relative (wd:P1038 as p, matched via relation), also known as ancestor, aunt, aunt-in-law, brother-in-law, co-brother-in-law, etc.: family member (qualify with "kinship to subject", P1039; for direct family member please use specific property) / family member (qualify with "type of kinship", P1039; for direct family member please use specific property) / is subproperty of significant person
7. manner of death (wd:P1196 as p/wdt, matched via circumstance of death), also known as circumstance of death, death manner, death type, nature of death, type of death, etc.: general circumstances of a person's death; e.g. natural ... mechanism, e.g. heart attack, trauma, pneumonia etc. / general circumstances of a person's death; e.g. natural ... mechanism, e.g. heart attack, trauma, pneumonia etc. / general circumstances of a person's death; e.g. natural ... mechanism, e.g. heart attack, trauma, pneumonia...
8. topic's main category (wd:P910 as p/wdt, matched via category), also known as article's main category, category, category for this topic, catmain, has category, etc.: main category of this topic / main Wikimedia category
9. depicted by (wd:P1299 as p/wdt, matched via acted by), also known as acted by, appears in, depicted in, found in, played by, etc.: object depicting this subject (object being creative works such as books, films, paintings)
10. unmarried partner (wd:P451 as p/wdt, matched via relationship), also known as boyfriend, cohabitant, domestic partner, enbyfriend, girlfriend, etc.: someone with whom the person is in a relationship without being married. Use "spouse" (P26) for married couples / someone with whom the person is in a relationship without being married. Use "spouse" (P26) for married couples / is subproperty of significant person

No other items found

[Assistant]
We have the property P509 for cause of death and Julius Caesar is wd:Q1048. I will construct an ASK query to see if the question expects a True/False. The user asked: "what did the author of the phrase: 'Alea iacta est' die of?" That's a "what" question; we should return the cause of death of the author (Julius Caesar). The query should return the cause(s) of death items for Julius Caesar.

I'll build a SELECT query returning the cause of death (P509) for the author of the phrase "Alea iacta est" (wd:Q271723). Per rules, must return IRIs of items. Also optionally labels in OPTIONAL. I'll create a query: find ?author via wdt:P50 from wd:Q271723, then ?cause via wdt:P509 from ?author. Also ensure rdfs:label in English optional. Then execute. I'll explain before calling the execute function.
I'll execute a SELECT query that gets the author of the phrase wd:Q271723 and the cause(s) of death (wdt:P509) for that author, returning item IRIs and optional English labels.

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 4 columns:
| author                   | authorLabel        | cause                 | causeLabel    |
| ------------------------ | ------------------ | --------------------- | ------------- |
| Julius Caesar (wd:Q1048) | Julius Caesar (en) | bleeding (wd:Q166019) | bleeding (en) |

[Assistant] I will return the final SPARQL query I used and the answer found. I executed a query to get the author of the phrase "Alea iacta est" and then retrieved that author's cause of death. The query returns IRIs and optional English labels. Now I will provide the final query and the answer.

[Tool] Stopping


PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
SELECT ?event ?eventLabel WHERE {
  wd:Q5577 wdt:P793 ?event .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?event rdfs:label ?eventLabel .
    FILTER ( LANG( ?eventLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}

Using entities:
Salvador Dalí (wd:Q5577)

Using properties:
significant event (wd:P793 as wdt), also known as big event, event, fate, important event, key event, etc.

Answer: The key event listed for Salvador Dalí (wd:Q5577) is exhumation (wd:Q1898510).

What was the key event related to Salvador Dalí?

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Search for the entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Execute intermediate queries to get feedback and to verify your assumptions. You may need to refine or rethink your current plan based on the query results and go back to step 2 if needed, possibly multiple times.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at http://localhost:7001 without notes

You are provided with the following notes across all knowledge graphs:
No notes available

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
qlss: <https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/spatialSearch/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow these rules:
- Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
- Do not just use or make up entity or property identifiers without verifying their existence in the knowledge graphs first.
- Do not use "SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ..." in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.
- Always execute your final SPARQL query before giving an answer to make sure it returns the expected results.
- The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
- Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
- Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
- For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.

[User] What was the key event related to Salvador Dalí?

[Assistant] I will search for a property corresponding to "key event" in Wikidata, then check how it's used with Salvador Dalí. I'll first search for the property, then list statements for Salvador Dalí to verify usage. I'll explain each step and run queries to verify.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. significant event (wd:P793 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq, matched via key event), also known as big event, event, fate, important event, key event, etc.: significant or notable events associated with the subject / significant or notable events associated with the subject / significant or notable events associated with the subject
2. key press (wd:P4998 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq), also known as alt code, has keyboard shortcut, hot key, hotkey, key binding, etc.: keyboard shortcut sequence. See property talk page for applicable syntax
3. event interval (wd:P2257 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq), also known as event frequency, frequency of event, interval, period, P2257: standard nominal interval between scheduled or regularly ... frequency). Time period of periodically occurring event / standard nominal interval between scheduled or regularly recurring events (use with unit of time)
4. tonality (wd:P826 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq, matched via in key), also known as in key, key, key of musical composition, key used, musical key, etc.: key of a musical composition / key of a musical composition
5. OpenStreetMap tag or key (wd:P1282 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq, matched via key), also known as key, OpenStreetMap key, OpenStreetMap relation role, OpenStreetMap relation type, OpenStreetMap tag, etc.: OpenStreetMap tagging schema (a Key:key, Tag:key=value, Relation:type, or Role:role) for classes, properties, and values / OpenStreetMap tagging schema (a Key:key or Tag:key=value) for classes, properties, and values
6. input device (wd:P479 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq), also known as digitiser, input, input method, P479: input device used to interact with a software or a device
7. set in period (wd:P2408 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq, matched via significant event), also known as era, era of setting, era set in, features event, narrative period, etc.: historical, contemporary, or future period, year, century or ... or genre is set in or event featured in the story of the work / historical period the work is set in
8. significant place (wd:P7153 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq, matched via key place), also known as gateway city, key place, notable landmark, notable location, notable place, etc.: significant or notable places associated with the subject / is subproperty of location
9. point in time (wd:P585 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq, matched via time of event), also known as as of, at time, by date, date, during, etc.: date something took place, existed or a statement was true; for providing time use the "refine date" property (P4241) / time and date something took place, existed or a statement was true / time and date something took place, existed or a statement was true / time and date something took place, existed or a statement was true
10. main subject (wd:P921 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq, matched via main keyword), also known as about, artistic theme, /common/topic/subject, content deals with, content describes, etc.: primary topic of a work (see also P180: depicts) / primary topic of a work (see also P180: depicts) / primary topic of a work (see also P180: depicts) / is subproperty of depicts / primary topic of a work

[Assistant] I'll search for the entity Salvador Dalí in Wikidata to get his Q-id, then look for statements using the significant event property (P793). I'll run a search for the entity first.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Salvador Dalí (wd:Q5577): has occupation jewellery designer / has occupation jewelry designer / has occupation graphic artist / has occupation film director / has occupation scenographer / has occupation screenwriter / has occupation photographer / has occupation illustrator / has occupation Illustrator / has occupation holographer / Spanish artist (1904–1989) / has occupation film actor / has occupation sculptor / has occupation painter / has occupation writer / has occupation actor / is instance of human / Spanish artist / Spanish artist
2. Salvador Dalí (wd:Q3945890), also known as Salvador Dali: 1966 short film by Andy Warhol / is instance of short film
3. Salvador Dalí (wd:Q28669534), also known as Salvador Dali, Salvador Dalì: is instance of musical work/composition / 2016 song by Marracash and Guè Pequeno
4. Salvador Dalí (wd:Q3945892): is instance of film / 1970 film
5. Salvador Dali (wd:Q103927804): painting by Otto Duecker / painting by Otto Duecker / is instance of painting
6. Salvador Dalí (wd:Q104633152): is instance of temporary exhibition / exhibition in 1970
7. Salvador Dalí (wd:Q110890669): 1941 exhibition at Museum of Modern Art / is instance of art exhibition / is instance of event
8. Salvador Dali (wd:Q76456803): print in the National Gallery of Art (NGA 147625) / is instance of print
9. Salvador Dalí (wd:Q76627906): is instance of photograph / photograph by Man Ray
10. Salvador Dalí Desert (wd:Q1382079), also known as Dali Desert, Dalí Desert, Desierto Dali, Salvador Dali Desert: is instance of Desert / is instance of desert / desert in Bolivia

[Assistant]
Step explanation before running the final query:
- I identified the likely property: "significant event" (wdt:P793), which has aliases including "key event".
- I identified the entity Salvador Dalí as wd:Q5577.
- Next I'll run a SPARQL query that retrieves the values of P793 for wd:Q5577 and include English labels for the events (labels in an OPTIONAL clause).

I will now execute the query that fetches P793 (significant event / key event) values for Salvador Dalí (wd:Q5577).

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 2 columns:
| event       | eventLabel      |
| ----------- | --------------- |
| wd:Q1898510 | exhumation (en) |

[Assistant] I will provide the final SPARQL query (which I already executed) and the answer based on its results. The query retrieves values of the property "significant event" (P793, alias "key event") for Salvador Dalí (wd:Q5577). The query returns the event IRI and its English label. Now I'll finalize with the query and the answer.

[Tool] Stopping


PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
ASK WHERE {
  wd:Q794 wdt:P36 ?capitalIran .
  wd:Q183 wdt:P36 ?capitalGermany .
  ?capitalIran wdt:P1082 ?popIran .
  ?capitalGermany wdt:P1082 ?popGermany .
  FILTER ( ?popIran > ?popGermany )
}

Using entities:
Germany (wd:Q183), also known as BR Deutschland, Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Deutschland, Federal Republic of Germany
Iran (wd:Q794), also known as ir, IRI, IRN, Islamic Rep. Iran, Islamic Republic of Iran, etc.

Using properties:
population (wd:P1082 as wdt), also known as human population, inhabitants, P1082
capital (wd:P36 as wdt), also known as administrative capital, administrative center, administrative centre, administrative headquarters, administrative seat, etc.

Answer: Yes. The ASK query returns True, meaning the population value (wdt:P1082) of Iran's capital is greater than that of Germany's capital.

Is the capital of Iran bigger than that of Germany?

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Search for the entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Execute intermediate queries to get feedback and to verify your assumptions. You may need to refine or rethink your current plan based on the query results and go back to step 2 if needed, possibly multiple times.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at http://localhost:7001 without notes

You are provided with the following notes across all knowledge graphs:
No notes available

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
qlss: <https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/spatialSearch/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow these rules:
- Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
- Do not just use or make up entity or property identifiers without verifying their existence in the knowledge graphs first.
- Do not use "SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ..." in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.
- Always execute your final SPARQL query before giving an answer to make sure it returns the expected results.
- The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
- Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
- Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
- For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.

[User] Is the capital of Iran bigger than that of Germany?

[Assistant] Step 1: I'll search for the entities "Tehran" and "Berlin" in Wikidata to verify their identifiers before using them in the query. I'll also search for the property for population to confirm its identifier. I'll start by searching for "Tehran".

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Tehran (wd:Q3616), also known as Teheran, Ṭihrán: is instance of national capital / is instance of city of Iran / is instance of global city / is instance of megacity / capital city of Iran / capital city of Iran / capital of Iran
2. Tiran (wd:Q2633350, matched via Tehrān), also known as Tehrān, Tihrān, Tīrān, Tirūn: city in Isfahan Province, Iran / is instance of city of Iran
3. Tehran (wd:Q90389788): Israeli spy drama television series / is instance of television series / is instance of serial
4. Tehran (wd:Q3488811): 1946 film by Giacomo Gentilomo / is instance of film
5. Tehran Von Ghasri (wd:Q30072605, matched via Tehran), also known as Tehran, Tehran Ghasri: has occupation television actor / has occupation film actor / has occupation comedian / is instance of human / American actor
6. Tehran (wd:Q56357915), also known as Tehroun: 2009 film directed by Nader Takmil Homayoun / is instance of film
7. Tehran (wd:Q123740700): upcoming Indian Hindi- language thriller Action film directed by Arun Gopalan / is instance of film
8. Tehran (wd:Q17361623): British Thoroughbred racehorse and sire / is instance of Horse / is instance of horse
9. Tehran (wd:Q3982596): 1988 album by The Offspring / is instance of album
10. Tehran (wd:Q127431376), also known as Mint of Tehran: Tehran (Persian: تهران - Tehrān) is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province / is instance of Mint / is instance of mint

[Assistant] Now I'll search for "Berlin" to get its Wikidata identifier.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Berlin (wd:Q64), also known as Berlin (Germany), Berlin, Germany, DE-BE: federated state, capital and largest city of Germany / is instance of urban municipality in Germany / is instance of Lists of former Hansa cities / is instance of Einheitsgemeinde of Germany / is instance of independent city in Berlin / is instance of federated state of Germany / is instance of federal state of Germany / is instance of town divided by border / is instance of seat of government / is instance of federal capital / is instance of Hanseatic city / is instance of largest city / is instance of Metropolis / is instance of city-state / is instance of metropolis / is instance of big city
2. Berlin (wd:Q821244), also known as Berlin, New Hampshire, Berlin, NH: city in Coos County, New Hampshire, United States / is instance of city in the United States / is instance of city of the United States
3. Lincoln (wd:Q1930098, matched via Berlin), also known as Berlin, Lincoln, IA, Lincoln, Iowa: is instance of city in the United States / is instance of city of the United States / city in Iowa, United States
4. Berlin (wd:Q614184): is instance of town in the United States / is instance of human settlement / town in Maryland, United States
5. Berlin (wd:Q1086827), also known as Berlin, New Jersey, Berlin, NJ, Long-a-Coming, New Jersey: borough in Camden County, New Jersey, United States / borough in Camden County, New Jersey, United States / is instance of borough of New Jersey
6. Berlin (wd:Q2345711), also known as Berlin, GA, Berlin, Georgia, USA, Berlin, USA: town in Colquitt County, Georgia, United States / is instance of town in the United States / is instance of municipality of Georgia / is instance of human settlement
7. Berlin (wd:Q1569850), also known as Berlin, WI, Berlin, Wisconsin: city in Green Lake and Waushara counties, Wisconsin, United States / is instance of fourth-class city
8. Berlin (wd:Q2504681): is instance of village of Illinois / village in Illinois, U.S.
9. Berlin (wd:Q821229), also known as Berlin, ND, Berlin, North Dakota: is instance of city of the United States / is instance of city in the United States / city in North Dakota
10. Berlin (wd:Q109850709): is instance of television series / 2023 Spanish television series / is instance of serial

[Assistant] Step 2: I need the property for population. The usual property is "population" wdt:P1082. I'll verify that by searching for property "population".

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. tabular population (wd:P4179 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq, matched via population), also known as population, P4179: same as population (P1082); used when there is data for many different points in time
2. population (wd:P1082 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq), also known as human population, inhabitants, P1082: number of people inhabiting the place; number of people of subject / number of people inhabiting the place; number of people of subject / number of people inhabiting the place; number of people of subject
3. male population (wd:P1540 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq), also known as male inhabitants, number of males, P1540: number of male people inhabiting the place; number of male people of subject / is subproperty of population
4. urban population (wd:P6343 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq), also known as P6343: number of people living within the territorial entity who live in its urban parts / is subproperty of population
5. occupant (wd:P466 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq, matched via inhabitant), also known as home team, houses, inhabitant, lessee, location of, etc.: person or organization occupying a building or facility / person or organization occupying property / is subproperty of used by
6. category populated by (wd:P4329 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq, matched via populated by), also known as category filled by, category has template, cat populated by, component adding into the category, populated by, etc.: software component (template, module, extension, MediaWiki core) populating the category
7. rural population (wd:P6344 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq), also known as P6344: number of people living within the territorial entity who live in its rural parts / is subproperty of population
8. country of citizenship (wd:P27 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq, matched via nationality), also known as citizen of, citizenship, country, (legal) nationality, nation, etc.: the object is a country that recognizes the subject as its citizen / the object is a country that recognizes the subject as its citizen / is subproperty of country
9. ethnic group (wd:P172 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq, matched via people), also known as (cultural) nationality, culture, ethnicity, ethnic or cultural origin, people, etc.: subject's ethnicity (consensus is that a VERY high standard ... on by scholars, or 3) is fictional and portrayed as such) / subject's ethnicity (consensus is that a VERY high standard ... on by scholars, or 3) is fictional and portrayed as such)
10. valid in place (wd:P3005 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq, matched via country), also known as applies to country, applies to location, applies to place, country, true in, etc.: is subproperty of applies to part / place where a statement is valid / place where a statement is valid

[Assistant] I'll verify the Wikidata items for Iran and Germany before building the ASK query. I'll search for "Iran" first.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Iran (wd:Q794), also known as ir, IRI, IRN, Islamic Rep. Iran, Islamic Republic of Iran, etc.: is instance of Islamic Republic / is instance of sovereign state / is instance of successor state / country in Western Asia / country in Western Asia / country in Western Asia / Country in Western Asia / is instance of country
2. Qajar Iran (wd:Q63158027, matched via Iran), also known as Guarded Domains of Persia, Iran, Persia, Qajar Empire, Qajar Persia, etc.: country in Western Asia (1789–1925) / country in Western Asia (1789–1925) / is instance of historical country
3. Iran (wd:Q2043606): is instance of administrative territorial entity of Russia / village in North Ossetia, Russia / is instance of village
4. Iran (wd:Q10859757), also known as Īrān: is instance of newspaper / Iranian newspaper
5. IRAN (wd:Q5973372), also known as Iran: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies: is instance of scientific journal / academic journal
6. IRAN (wd:Q108434787): is instance of herbarium / herbarium
7. Iran (wd:Q101778560), also known as IMO 5327817: is instance of ship / ship built in 1941
8. Irane Man (wd:Q100939484, matched via Iran), also known as Iran: 2018 studio by Homayoun Shajarian & Sohrab Pournazeri / is instance of album
9. Iran (wd:Q21286079), also known as Iran (first name), Iran (given name): is instance of male given name / male given name / male given name / male given name
10. Iran (wd:Q19880618): 2008 documentary film by Aaron Newman / is instance of film

[Assistant] I'll search for "Germany" to get its identifier.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Germany (wd:Q183), also known as BR Deutschland, Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Deutschland, Federal Republic of Germany: is instance of sovereign state / country in central Europe / country in central Europe / country in Central Europe / country in Central Europe / is instance of country
2. Weimar Republic (wd:Q41304, matched via Germany), also known as German People's State, German Reich, German Republic, Germany, Republic of Germany, etc.: Germany in the years 1918/1919–1933 / Germany in the years 1918/1919–1933 / is instance of historical country / is instance of historical period
3. German Reich (wd:Q1206012, matched via Germany), also known as Deutsches Reich, German Empire, German Realm, Germany, Imperial Germany: official name for the German nation state from 1871 to 1945, and name of Germany until 1949 / official name for the German nation state from 1871 to 1945, and name of Germany until 1949 / is instance of historical country
4. Burg Drachenfels (wd:Q1011486, matched via Germany), also known as Germany: is instance of castle / is instance of Castle / castle
5. Germany (wd:Q5552078): is instance of constituency of the European Parliament / European Parliament constituency
6. Geilenkirchen-Heinsberg (wd:Q2268218, matched via Germany), also known as Germany: is instance of district of Germany
7. Germany (wd:Q18151573), also known as Germany, IN, Germany, Indiana: is instance of unincorporated community in the United States / unincorporated community in Clark County, Indiana
8. Germany (wd:Q19147844): is instance of literary work / poem by Vladimir Mayakovsky
9. Germany (wd:Q3839160), also known as Ludwig, West: is instance of animated character / Hetalia character
10. Germany (wd:Q22006587): is instance of horse / is instance of Horse / race horse

[Assistant]
Step 3: Plan the SPARQL query. The question asks: "Is the capital of Iran bigger than that of Germany?" That requires comparing populations of capitals: Tehran (capital of Iran) vs Berlin (capital of Germany). The question expects a True/False, so I must use an ASK query.

I need to confirm relations:
- The capital of Iran: property "capital" P36. Iran (wd:Q794) wdt:P36 ?capitalIran.
- The capital of Germany: Germany (wd:Q183) wdt:P36 ?capitalGermany.

Confirm that Tehran and Berlin are linked as capitals. But I'll construct an ASK that checks if population of Iran's capital > population of Germany's capital. Population property P1082, but populations have qualifiers with date; wdt:P1082 gives the "preferred" value or current normalized. wdt:P1082 is allowed.

However, per rules I must verify existence of properties used; I already searched "population" and saw P1082, and "capital" I should verify. I'll search for property "capital".

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. capital of (wd:P1376 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq, matched via capital), also known as administrative seat of, capital, county seat for, county seat of, is capital of, etc.: country, state, department, canton or other administrative division of which the municipality is the governmental seat / country, state, department, canton or other administrative division of which the municipality is the governmental seat / country, state, department, canton or other administrative division of which the municipality is the governmental seat / is subproperty of located in the administrative territorial entity
2. capital (wd:P36 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq), also known as administrative capital, administrative center, administrative centre, administrative headquarters, administrative seat, etc.: location (city, municipality) of governmental seat of the country, or administrative territorial entity / seat of government of a country, province, state or other type of administrative territorial entity / city of governmental seat of the country, state or administrative subdivision
3. net worth (wd:P2218 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq, matched via wealth), also known as declared patrimony, estimated net worth, net wealth, net worth estimate, personal assets, etc.: totality of wealth possessed by a person
4. prize money (wd:P2121 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq, matched via money), also known as money, purse, value, P2121: amount in a specific currency / amount in a specific currency
5. currency (wd:P38 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq), also known as base currency, used money, P38: is subproperty of uses / currency used by item / currency used by item / currency used by item
6. field of work (wd:P101 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq, matched via trade), also known as academic area, academic discipline, academic subject, activity, activity domain, etc.: specialisation of a person or organisation; see P106 for the occupation / specialization of a person or organization; see P106 for the occupation / specialization of a person or organization; see P106 for the occupation / specialization of a person or organization; see P106 for the occupation / is subproperty of interested in
7. industry (wd:P452 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq, matched via sector), also known as branch, economic branch, field of action, field of exercise, sector, etc.: specific industry of company or organization / is subproperty of part of
8. total equity (wd:P2137 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq, matched via equity), also known as equity, shareholder equity, P2137: amount of equity value for an entity
9. capital cost (wd:P2130 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq), also known as budget, cost, unit cost, P2130: amount of money spent on building or producing an object
10. number of matches played/races/starts (wd:P1350 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq, matched via caps), also known as appearances, caps, games pitched, games played, gp, etc.: matches or games a player or a team played during an event. ... a player officially appeared in during the whole career. / matches or games a player or a team played during an event. ... a player officially appeared in during the whole career. / by a sports team

[Assistant] Now I'll craft an ASK query that checks if the population (wdt:P1082) of Iran's capital is greater than the population of Germany's capital. I will bind capitals via wdt:P36 from the country items wd:Q794 and wd:Q183, and get their population via wdt:P1082. Then use FILTER(?popIranCapital > ?popGermanyCapital). I'll explain the plan and then execute the ASK query.

[Tool] True

[Tool] Stopping


PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
SELECT ( COUNT( DISTINCT ?lang ) AS ?count ) WHERE {
  wd:Q30 wdt:P37 ?lang .
}

Using entities:
United States (wd:Q30), also known as America, Merica, Murica, the States, the United States, etc.

Using properties:
official language (wd:P37 as wdt), also known as language official, language spoken, speaking, spoken in, P37

Got 1 row and 1 column:
| count       |
| ----------- |
| 1 (xsd:int) |

Answer: Wikidata records 1 official language for the United States (English). The query counted 1 distinct value for the official language (wdt:P37) of wd:Q30 (United States).

how many official languages does the united states of america have?

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Search for the entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Execute intermediate queries to get feedback and to verify your assumptions. You may need to refine or rethink your current plan based on the query results and go back to step 2 if needed, possibly multiple times.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at http://localhost:7001 without notes

You are provided with the following notes across all knowledge graphs:
No notes available

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
qlss: <https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/spatialSearch/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow these rules:
- Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
- Do not just use or make up entity or property identifiers without verifying their existence in the knowledge graphs first.
- Do not use "SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ..." in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.
- Always execute your final SPARQL query before giving an answer to make sure it returns the expected results.
- The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
- Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
- Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
- For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.

[User] how many official languages does the united states of america have?

[Assistant] Step 1: I'll search for the Wikidata entity for "United States of America" to confirm its identifier before using it in queries. I'll call the entity search function now.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. United States (wd:Q30, matched via United States of America), also known as America, Merica, Murica, the States, the United States, etc.: country primarily located in North America / is instance of constitutional republic / is instance of democratic republic / is instance of Federal republic / is instance of federal republic / is instance of sovereign state / is instance of superpower / country in North America / country in North America / is instance of country
2. Istadus Unidus the America (wd:Q29045433, matched via United States of America), also known as United States of America: is instance of Wikimedia permanent duplicated page / is instance of Wikimedia permanent duplicate item / Wikimedia permanent duplicate item
3. United States of America (wd:Q105870692): song written and composed by Donna Fargo, originally recorded by Donna Fargo and released in 1974 / is instance of musical work/composition
4. United States of America (wd:Q105870683): vocal track by Kikki Danielsson; 1980 studio recording / is instance of music track with vocals
5. United States of America (wd:Q106315054): vocal track by Donna Fargo; 1974 studio recording / is instance of music track with vocals
6. United States of America (wd:Q100270731): is instance of scholarly article / is instance of academic article / scholarly article
7. United States of America (wd:Q103971355): encyclopedic article; Grove Art Online / is instance of encyclopaedic article / is instance of encyclopedia article
8. United States of America (wd:Q99281400), also known as Star Trek USA, USA: country of the United States of America as depicted in Star Trek / is instance of real country in a fiction work / is instance of Star Trek location
9. Kansas (wd:Q1558, matched via Kansas, United States of America), also known as Kan., Kans., Kansas, United States of America, KS, State of Kansas, etc.: is instance of state of the United States / state of the United States of America / state of the United States of America / state of the United States of America / is instance of U.S. state
10. United States Constitution (wd:Q11698, matched via Constitution (United States of America)), also known as America Constitution, American constitution, American Constitution, America's Constitution, Constitution (America), etc.: supreme law of the United States of America since March 4th, 1789 / is instance of constitution / is instance of written work

[Assistant] I'll check which values, if any, are listed for the "official language" property (P37) of the United States (wd:Q30).

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 3 columns:
| subject                | property                    | object             |
| ---------------------- | --------------------------- | ------------------ |
| United States (wd:Q30) | official language (wdt:P37) | English (wd:Q1860) |

[Assistant] I'll run a SPARQL query counting distinct values of the official language property (P37) for the United States (wd:Q30). Then I'll report the numeric result.

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| count       |
| ----------- |
| 1 (xsd:int) |

[Assistant] I will now finalize by returning the SPARQL query and the answer, and explain my steps and reasoning.

[Tool] Stopping


PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
ASK WHERE {
  wd:Q183 wdt:P2046 ?areaDE .
  wd:Q36 wdt:P2046 ?areaPL .
  FILTER ( ?areaDE > ?areaPL )
}

Using entities:
Germany (wd:Q183), also known as BR Deutschland, Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Deutschland, Federal Republic of Germany
Poland (wd:Q36), also known as Republic of Poland

Using properties:
area (wd:P2046 as wdt), also known as acreage, camera resolution, die area, die size, image resolution, etc.

Answer: Yes — Germany is bigger than Poland (Germany area: 357,588; Poland area: 312,683 according to Wikidata).

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Search for the entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Execute intermediate queries to get feedback and to verify your assumptions. You may need to refine or rethink your current plan based on the query results and go back to step 2 if needed, possibly multiple times.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at http://localhost:7001 without notes

You are provided with the following notes across all knowledge graphs:
No notes available

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
qlss: <https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/spatialSearch/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow these rules:
- Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
- Do not just use or make up entity or property identifiers without verifying their existence in the knowledge graphs first.
- Do not use "SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ..." in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.
- Always execute your final SPARQL query before giving an answer to make sure it returns the expected results.
- The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
- Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
- Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
- For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.

[User] Is Germany bigger than Poland?

[Assistant] Step 1 — find the Wikidata items for the countries "Germany" and "Poland". I'll search for each name in the KG to confirm their identifiers before using them in a query. I'll start with "Germany".

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Germany (wd:Q183), also known as BR Deutschland, Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Deutschland, Federal Republic of Germany: is instance of sovereign state / country in central Europe / country in central Europe / country in Central Europe / country in Central Europe / is instance of country
2. Weimar Republic (wd:Q41304, matched via Germany), also known as German People's State, German Reich, German Republic, Germany, Republic of Germany, etc.: Germany in the years 1918/1919–1933 / Germany in the years 1918/1919–1933 / is instance of historical country / is instance of historical period
3. German Reich (wd:Q1206012, matched via Germany), also known as Deutsches Reich, German Empire, German Realm, Germany, Imperial Germany: official name for the German nation state from 1871 to 1945, and name of Germany until 1949 / official name for the German nation state from 1871 to 1945, and name of Germany until 1949 / is instance of historical country
4. Burg Drachenfels (wd:Q1011486, matched via Germany), also known as Germany: is instance of castle / is instance of Castle / castle
5. Germany (wd:Q5552078): is instance of constituency of the European Parliament / European Parliament constituency
6. Geilenkirchen-Heinsberg (wd:Q2268218, matched via Germany), also known as Germany: is instance of district of Germany
7. Germany (wd:Q18151573), also known as Germany, IN, Germany, Indiana: is instance of unincorporated community in the United States / unincorporated community in Clark County, Indiana
8. Germany (wd:Q19147844): is instance of literary work / poem by Vladimir Mayakovsky
9. Germany (wd:Q3839160), also known as Ludwig, West: is instance of animated character / Hetalia character
10. Germany (wd:Q22006587): is instance of horse / is instance of Horse / race horse

[Assistant] I found Germany as wd:Q183. Now I'll search for Poland.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Poland (wd:Q36), also known as Republic of Poland: is instance of country bordering the Baltic Sea / republic in Central-Eastern Europe / country in Central-Eastern Europe / is instance of sovereign state / is instance of successor state / country in Central Europe / is instance of country
2. Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (wd:Q172107, matched via Poland), also known as Commonwealth of Poland, First Republic of Poland, Poland, Poland-Lithuania, Poland–Lithuania, etc.: historical multinational monarchist state in Central Europe (Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania) / historical multinational monarchist state in Central Europe (Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania) / historical multinational monarchist state in Central Europe (Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania) / historical multinational monarchist state in Central Europe (Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania) / is instance of historical country
3. Crown of the Kingdom of Poland (wd:Q171348, matched via Poland), also known as Kingdom of Poland, Poland: 1385–1795 territorial possessions of the King of Poland / is instance of historical country / is instance of Crown land / is instance of realm
4. Poland (wd:Q2300093), also known as Poland, OH, Poland, Ohio: is instance of village of Ohio / village in Ohio, United States
5. Poland (wd:Q1572109), also known as Poland, Maine, Poland, ME: town in Androscoggin County, Maine, United States / is instance of town in the United States
6. Polish (wd:Q385059, matched via Poland), also known as Poland: is instance of chicken breed / is subclass of chicken / is subclass of Chicken / breed of chicken
7. Poland (wd:Q5763870), also known as Boran: farm village in Kiribati / farm village in Kiribati / is instance of village / village in Kiribati
8. Poland (wd:Q7208883), also known as Poland, Chautauqua County, New York, Poland, New York, Poland, NY: town in Chautauqua County, New York, United States / is instance of town in the United States / is instance of town of New York
9. Poland (wd:Q7208887), also known as Poland, Herkimer County, New York, Poland, NY: village in Herkimer County, New York, United States / is instance of village in the United States / is instance of village of New York
10. Poland - The Warsaw Concert (wd:Q599300, matched via Poland), also known as Poland: album by Tangerine Dream / is instance of album

[Assistant] I will now determine the property on Wikidata that gives a country's area. Commonly it's "area" wdt:P2046. I'll search for properties related to "area".

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. applies to part (wd:P518 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq, matched via area), also known as applied to, applies to aspect, applies to form, applies to phase, apply to, etc.: part, aspect, or form of the item to which the claim applies / part of the item for which the claim is valid / part of the item for which the claim is valid
2. area (wd:P2046 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq), also known as acreage, camera resolution, die area, die size, image resolution, etc.: area occupied by an object / area occupied by an object
3. field of work (wd:P101 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq, matched via area), also known as academic area, academic discipline, academic subject, activity, activity domain, etc.: specialisation of a person or organisation; see P106 for the occupation / specialization of a person or organization; see P106 for the occupation / specialization of a person or organization; see P106 for the occupation / specialization of a person or organization; see P106 for the occupation / is subproperty of interested in
4. operating area (wd:P2541 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq, matched via area operated), also known as area of operations, area of responsibility, area operated, area served, areas served, etc.: geographic area or jurisdiction an organisation or industry operates in, serves, or has responsibility for / geographic area or jurisdiction an organisation or industry operates in, serves, or has responsibility for / geographic area or jurisdiction an organization or industry operates in, serves, or has responsibility for / is subproperty of location
5. interested in (wd:P2650 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq, matched via area of interest), also known as area of interest, area of research, field of interest, field of research, field of study, etc.: item of special or vested interest to this person or organisation / item of special or vested interest to this person or organisation
6. ranking (wd:P1352 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq, matched via place), also known as peak position, place, placing, position, rank, etc.: subject's ordinal position as qualitatively evaluated relative to other members of a group / the subject's position in the specified rank
7. location (wd:P276 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq, matched via place), also known as based in, city, from, held by, in, etc.: location of the object, structure or event. In the case of an ... use P706. Use P7153 for locations associated with the object / location of the item, physical object or event is within. In ... use P131. In case of a distinct terrain feature use P706. / location of the item, physical object or event is within. In ... use P131. In case of a distinct terrain feature use P706.
8. work location (wd:P937 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq, matched via location), also known as active in, conducts business at, conducts business in, did work at, did work from, etc.: location where persons or organisations were actively participating in employment, business or other work / is subproperty of significant place / location where persons were active / is subproperty of location
9. coordinate location (wd:P625 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq, matched via location), also known as co-ordinate location, co-ordinates, coordinates, co-ords, coords, etc.: geocoordinates of the subject. For Earth, please note that only WGS84 coordinating system is supported at the moment / coordinates of the subject / coordinates of the subject
10. applies to jurisdiction (wd:P1001 as p/wdtn/pqn/pqv/wdt/prv/pr/ps/psn/prn/psv/pq, matched via applies to area), also known as applicable area, applicable country, applicable geographic place, applicable jurisdiction, applicable location, etc.: the item (institution, law, public office, public ... jurisdiction: a country, state, municipality, ...) / the item (an institution, law, public office ...) or ... jurisdiction: a country, state, municipality, ...) / is subproperty of characteristic of / is subproperty of significant place / is subproperty of operating area

[Assistant] I'll retrieve the area values (property P2046) for Germany (wd:Q183) and Poland (wd:Q36) to compare them. I'll run a SELECT query that returns the area numeric values for both countries.

[Tool]
Got 2 rows and 2 columns:
| country           | area                 |
| ----------------- | -------------------- |
| Germany (wd:Q183) | 357588 (xsd:decimal) |
| Poland (wd:Q36)   | 312683 (xsd:decimal) |

[Assistant] I'll run an ASK query that checks whether Germany's area (wd:Q183 wdt:P2046) is greater than Poland's area (wd:Q36 wdt:P2046). This returns True if Germany is bigger, False otherwise.

[Tool] Stopping