PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
SELECT ( COUNT( DISTINCT ?song ) AS ?count ) WHERE {
  ?song wdt:P86 wd:Q238819 .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?song wdt:P1433 ?album .
  }
  FILTER NOT EXISTS {
    ?album wdt:P175 wd:Q238819 .
  }
}

Got 1 row and 1 column:
| count       |
| ----------- |
| 0 (xsd:int) |

According to Wikidata, there are 0 songs composed by Jay Chou that were not released in his own albums. This means all songs composed by Jay Chou were released in his own albums based on the available data.

How many songs were composed by Jay Chou but not released in his own albums?

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian with notes:
1. When direct properties are missing, chain related properties (e.g., child→child for grandchildren) or search for indirect connections to answer complex relationship queries.
2. For set/class queries (e.g., all cities, all holidays), use instance/subclass chains (P31/P279) for completeness and relevant filters. Be aware of data incompleteness and schema inconsistencies in Wikidata.
3. If queries return too many irrelevant or too few results, try varying properties (country, location, observed in, etc.) and subclass chains, but be ready to report data/model limitations if results remain incomplete or noisy.
4. When a direct property or class is missing or inconsistently used, try related or broader properties/classes (e.g., use inception for independence date, or musical work/composition for musicals) to increase recall.
5. For calculated properties (e.g., population density), combine relevant direct properties (e.g., population, area) in SPARQL queries, as Wikidata may not store the derived value directly.
6. When entity search returns multiple candidates, use context (description, instance type, location, etc.) to disambiguate and select the most relevant entity for the query.

No general notes for all knowledge graphs available

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
qlss: <https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/spatialSearch/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Search for the entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Execute intermediate queries to get feedback and to verify your assumptions. You may need to refine or rethink your current plan based on the query results and go back to step 2 if needed, possibly multiple times.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not just use or make up entity or property identifiers without verifying their existence in the knowledge graphs first.
3. Always execute your final SPARQL query before giving an answer to make sure it returns the expected results.
4. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
5. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
6. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
7. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
8. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] How many songs were composed by Jay Chou but not released in his own albums?

[Assistant]
To answer this question, I need to find the following information:
1. Identify the entity for Jay Chou in Wikidata.
2. Find songs composed by Jay Chou.
3. Determine which of these songs were not released in Jay Chou's own albums.
4. Count the number of such songs.

I will start by searching for the entity of Jay Chou in Wikidata.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Jay Chou, also known as President Chou, Zhou Jielun, Chou Chieh-lun (wd:Q238819): Taiwanese pop singer, songwriter, and actor, instance of human, recording artist, record producer, film director, songwriter, composer, director, rapper, singer, actor
2. Jayadratha Choudhury (wd:Q107562664): Indian Odia-language writer, instance of human, writer
3. Jaya Choudhary (wd:Q88317282): instance of human, researcher
4. Jayanta Choudhury (wd:Q102339960): Ph.D. University of Louisiana at Lafayette 2008, instance of human
5. Jay Chou's Bedtime Stories (wd:Q24595331): 2016 studio album by Jay Chou, instance of album
6. Jayanta Narayan Choudhury, also known as Jayanto Narayan Choudhury (wd:Q110437452): Indian police officer, instance of human
7. Choudhury Jayprakash Das, also known as Choudhury Jayaprakash Das, Caudhurī Jaẏaprakāśa Dāsa (wd:Q60511536): Indian actor and academic, instance of human, film actor, teacher, actor
8. Jay Chou 2007 World Tour Concert Live (wd:Q1100149): instance of album, live album
9. J, also known as ᴊ, initial i with hook, Juliett, Juliet, jay (wd:Q9773): 10th-17th letter of Latin alphabets, instance of Latin-script letter, instance of consonant letter
10. Eurasian Jay, also known as Garrulus glandarius, Jay, European Jay (wd:Q25354): instance of taxon, species of bird

[Assistant] I have identified Jay Chou as wd:Q238819 in Wikidata. Next, I will find songs composed by Jay Chou. For this, I will look for works where Jay Chou is the composer. Then, I will check which of these songs were released in his own albums and exclude them to get the count of songs not released in his own albums.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. composer, also known as music by, written by, songwriter, musical score by, film score by (wd:P86 as psn/wdt/ps/prn/pr/wdtn/pq/pqv/p/prv/psv/pqn): person(s) who wrote the music [for lyricist, use "lyrics by" (P676)], subproperty of creator
2. inception, also known as inception date, founding date, founded in, founded on date, founded on (wd:P571 as psn/wdt/ps/prn/pr/wdtn/pq/pqv/p/prv/psv/pqn): time when an entity begins to exist; for date of official opening use P1619, subproperty of start time
3. lyricist, also known as writer (of song lyrics), words by, text writer, text poet, text by (wd:P676 as psn/wdt/ps/prn/pr/wdtn/pq/pqv/p/prv/psv/pqn): author of song lyrics, subproperty of author
4. composers.am person ID (wd:P9628 as psn/wdt/ps/prn/pr/wdtn/pq/pqv/p/prv/psv/pqn): identifier for a person in the  site of Composers Union of Armenia
5. music created for, also known as music for, music for work, music made for, music made for work, music written for (wd:P9899 as psn/wdt/ps/prn/pr/wdtn/pq/pqv/p/prv/psv/pqn): a work, event, etc. for which a musical composition was created ... was written; a film for which motion picture music was created), subproperty of created for
6. location of creation, also known as place made, manufactured in, place built, photographed at, minted at (wd:P1071 as psn/wdt/ps/prn/pr/wdtn/pq/pqv/p/prv/psv/pqn): place where the item was conceived or made; where applicable, location of final assembly, subproperty of significant place
7. Musicsperlacobla composer ID (wd:P11203 as psn/wdt/ps/prn/pr/wdtn/pq/pqv/p/prv/psv/pqn): composer identifier used by musicsperlacobla archive
8. orchestrator, also known as arranged for orchestra by, orchestrations by, orchestration by, orchestral arranger, orchestral arrangement by (wd:P10806 as psn/wdt/ps/prn/pr/wdtn/pq/pqv/p/prv/psv/pqn): person or body responsible for arranging a musical composition for orchestra, subproperty of adapted by
9. Musicalics composer ID (wd:P6925 as psn/wdt/ps/prn/pr/wdtn/pq/pqv/p/prv/psv/pqn): identifier for a composer in the Musicalics database
10. CompositionToday composer ID, also known as Composition Today composer ID (wd:P8688 as psn/wdt/ps/prn/pr/wdtn/pq/pqv/p/prv/psv/pqn): composer ID on the website CompositionToday

[Assistant] The property "composer" (wdt:P86) is used to indicate the person who composed a musical work. I will now find songs (musical works) where Jay Chou (wd:Q238819) is the composer. Then I will check which albums these songs belong to and filter out those that belong to Jay Chou's own albums.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. AllMusic artist ID, also known as AllMusic, AllMusic ID, amg artist (wd:P1728 as wdt/p): identifier for an artist, musical group, or record label in the AllMusic database (record labels are listed as "artists")
2. genre, also known as type of music, type of film, music genre, literary genre, kind of music (wd:P136 as wdt/p): creative work's genre or an artist's field of work (P101). Use main subject (P921) to relate creative works to their topic
3. discography, also known as discography link, recording catalog (wd:P358 as wdt/p): item for list pages with discography of artist or band, subproperty of list of works
4. image, also known as img, infobox image, photo, photograph, picture (wd:P18 as wdt/p): image of relevant illustration of the subject; if available, als...tor map, flag image, signature image, logo image, collage image)
5. country of citizenship, also known as subject of (country), nation of citizenship, national of, nationality, nation (wd:P27 as wdt/p): the object is a country that recognizes the subject as its citizen, subproperty of country
6. record label, also known as label, labels (wd:P264 as wdt/p): brand and trademark associated with the marketing of subject music recordings and music videos
7. Apple Music artist ID (U.S. version), also known as Apple Books author ID, music.apple.com/artist/, iTunes author ID, iTunes artist ID (American version), https://music.apple.com/artist/ (wd:P2850 as wdt/p): identifier for a musical artist or author in the U.S. version of Apple Music
8. work period (start), also known as start date of activity, start time for work, start working, years active, fl. (start) (wd:P2031 as wdt/p): start of period during which a person or group flourished (fl. = "floruit") in their professional activity, subproperty of start time, subproperty of floruit
9. award received, also known as winner of, win, recognition title, received award, award won (wd:P166 as wdt/p): award or recognition received by a person, organization or creative work
10. instrument, also known as player of, uses this instrument, teaches instrument, plays this instrument, plays instrument (wd:P1303 as wdt/p): musical instrument that a person plays or teaches or used in a music occupation, subproperty of uses

No other items found

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. published in, also known as tome of, tome of the book, track of, track on, track on album (wd:P1433 as psn/wdt/ps/prn/pr/wdtn/pq/pqv/p/prv/psv/pqn): larger work that a given work was published in, like a journal, a website, a collection, a book or a music album, subproperty of part of
2. form of creative work, also known as song type, work type, work form, type of work, type of reference work (wd:P7937 as psn/wdt/ps/prn/pr/wdtn/pq/pqv/p/prv/psv/pqn): structure of a creative work
3. music created for, also known as music for, music for work, music made for, music made for work, music written for (wd:P9899 as psn/wdt/ps/prn/pr/wdtn/pq/pqv/p/prv/psv/pqn): a work, event, etc. for which a musical composition was created ... was written; a film for which motion picture music was created), subproperty of created for
4. cover art by, also known as sleeve art by, jacket art by, designer, cover design by, cover artist (wd:P736 as psn/wdt/ps/prn/pr/wdtn/pq/pqv/p/prv/psv/pqn): name of person or team creating cover artwork for book, record album, single record etc.
5. soundtrack release, also known as has soundtrack album, OST, soundtrack album, soundtrack extended play, soundtrack single (wd:P406 as psn/wdt/ps/prn/pr/wdtn/pq/pqv/p/prv/psv/pqn): music release that incorporates music directly recorded from the soundtrack of an audiovisual work
6. AllMusic album ID, also known as amg album, single ID (AllMusic), release group ID (AllMusic), master ID (AllMusic), EP ID (AllMusic) (wd:P1729 as psn/wdt/ps/prn/pr/wdtn/pq/pqv/p/prv/psv/pqn): identifier for an album in AllMusic database
7. Acclaimed Music album ID (wd:P12075 as psn/wdt/ps/prn/pr/wdtn/pq/pqv/p/prv/psv/pqn): identifier for album entries that links to the website Acclaimed Music
8. MusicBrainz release group ID, also known as MBrgID, MBRGID, MusicBrainz album, MusicBrainz master ID, release group ID (MusicBrainz) (wd:P436 as psn/wdt/ps/prn/pr/wdtn/pq/pqv/p/prv/psv/pqn): identifier for a release group per the MusicBrainz open music encyclopedia (album, single, etc.)
9. tracklist, also known as list of tracks, songs, track list, track listing, tracks (wd:P658 as psn/wdt/ps/prn/pr/wdtn/pq/pqv/p/prv/psv/pqn): audio tracks contained in this release, subproperty of has part(s)
10. Rate Your Music release ID, also known as RateYourMusic release ID, RYM single ID, RYM release identifier, RYM release ID, RYM album ID (wd:P8392 as psn/wdt/ps/prn/pr/wdtn/pq/pqv/p/prv/psv/pqn): identifier for a music release on Rate Your Music site

[Assistant] The property "published in" (wdt:P1433) can be used to indicate the album in which a song was released. I will use this property to find the albums in which songs composed by Jay Chou were released. Then I will check which albums belong to Jay Chou and exclude those songs from the count.

[Tool]
SPARQL execution failed:
Error while executing a SERVICE request to <http://wikiba.se:80/ontology#label>: SERVICE responded with HTTP status code: 301, Moved Permanently. First 100 bytes of the response: '<html>
<head><title>301 Moved Permanently</title></head>
<body>
<center><h1>301 Moved Permanently'

[Assistant] The query failed due to the use of SERVICE wikibase:label which is not supported by the endpoint. I will rewrite the query without using SERVICE wikibase:label and instead use optional clauses to get labels. Also, I realized I need to find songs composed by Jay Chou and then find albums where these songs were published. Then I will exclude albums where Jay Chou is the performer to get songs not released in his own albums. I will rewrite the query accordingly.

[Tool]
Got 10 rows and 4 columns:
| song                                 | songLabel                  | album                         | albumLabel         |
| ------------------------------------ | -------------------------- | ----------------------------- | ------------------ |
| Chinese Herbal Manual (wd:Q11093458) | Chinese Herbal Manual (en) | Dare for More (wd:Q106967725) | Dare for More (en) |
| Listen to Mom (wd:Q10918532)         | Listen to Mom (en)         | Dare for More (wd:Q106967725) | Dare for More (en) |
| wd:Q18658355                         |                            | Dare for More (wd:Q106967725) | Dare for More (en) |
| Say Love You (wd:Q114406775)         | Say Love You (en)          | Dare for More (wd:Q106967725) | Dare for More (en) |
| The Spirit of Knight (wd:Q45261044)  | The Spirit of Knight (en)  | Dare for More (wd:Q106967725) | Dare for More (en) |
| Kung Fu Dunk (wd:Q715295)            | Kung Fu Dunk (en)          | Dare for More (wd:Q106967725) | Dare for More (en) |
| Secret (wd:Q699749)                  | Secret (en)                | Dare for More (wd:Q106967725) | Dare for More (en) |
| Kung Fu Dunk (wd:Q715295)            | Kung Fu Dunk (en)          | Far Away (wd:Q10904989)       | Far Away (en)      |
| The Spirit of Knight (wd:Q45261044)  | The Spirit of Knight (en)  | Far Away (wd:Q10904989)       | Far Away (en)      |
| wd:Q18658355                         |                            | Far Away (wd:Q10904989)       | Far Away (en)      |

[Assistant] The query results show songs composed by Jay Chou and the albums in which they were published. However, the albums listed are not filtered by whether Jay Chou is the performer or not. I need to refine the query to find albums where Jay Chou is the performer and then exclude those albums to count songs not released in his own albums. I will rewrite the query to count songs composed by Jay Chou that are published in albums where Jay Chou is not the performer.

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| count       |
| ----------- |
| 0 (xsd:int) |

[Assistant] The query result shows that there are 0 songs composed by Jay Chou that were not released in his own albums. This means all songs composed by Jay Chou were released in his own albums according to the data available in Wikidata. I will now provide the final answer.

[Tool] Stopped generation process


PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
SELECT ( COUNT( ?work ) AS ?count ) WHERE {
  ?work wdt:P50 wd:Q30875 ; wdt:P31 / wdt:P279 * wd:Q7725634 .
  FILTER ( ?work != wd:Q82464 )
}

Oscar Wilde wrote 133 literary works besides The Picture of Dorian Gray.

How many literary works besides The Picture of Dorian Gray did its author write?

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian with notes:
1. When direct properties are missing, chain related properties (e.g., child→child for grandchildren) or search for indirect connections to answer complex relationship queries.
2. For set/class queries (e.g., all cities, all holidays), use instance/subclass chains (P31/P279) for completeness and relevant filters. Be aware of data incompleteness and schema inconsistencies in Wikidata.
3. If queries return too many irrelevant or too few results, try varying properties (country, location, observed in, etc.) and subclass chains, but be ready to report data/model limitations if results remain incomplete or noisy.
4. When a direct property or class is missing or inconsistently used, try related or broader properties/classes (e.g., use inception for independence date, or musical work/composition for musicals) to increase recall.
5. For calculated properties (e.g., population density), combine relevant direct properties (e.g., population, area) in SPARQL queries, as Wikidata may not store the derived value directly.
6. When entity search returns multiple candidates, use context (description, instance type, location, etc.) to disambiguate and select the most relevant entity for the query.

No general notes for all knowledge graphs available

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
qlss: <https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/spatialSearch/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Search for the entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Execute intermediate queries to get feedback and to verify your assumptions. You may need to refine or rethink your current plan based on the query results and go back to step 2 if needed, possibly multiple times.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not just use or make up entity or property identifiers without verifying their existence in the knowledge graphs first.
3. Always execute your final SPARQL query before giving an answer to make sure it returns the expected results.
4. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
5. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
6. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
7. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
8. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] How many literary works besides The Picture of Dorian Gray did its author write?

[Assistant]
Step 1: Identify the author of "The Picture of Dorian Gray."
Step 2: Find all literary works written by this author.
Step 3: Count the number of literary works excluding "The Picture of Dorian Gray."

I will start by searching for the entity "The Picture of Dorian Gray" in Wikidata to find its author.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. The Picture of Dorian Gray, also known as El retrato de Dorian Gray, Picture of Dorian Gray (wd:Q82464): 1890–1891 novel by Oscar Wilde, instance of literary work
2. The Picture of Dorian Gray, also known as Picture of Dorian Gray (wd:Q1167299): 1945 film by Albert Lewin, instance of film
3. The Picture of Dorian Gray, also known as Picture of Dorian Gray (wd:Q7757057): 1916 film directed by Fred W. Durrant, instance of film
4. The Picture of Dorian Gray, also known as Picture of Dorian Gray (wd:Q16979666): 1913 film by Phillips Smalley, instance of film
5. The Picture of Dorian Gray (wd:Q1397330): instance of television series, telenovela
6. The Picture of Dorian Gray, also known as Picture of Dorian Gray (wd:Q7757058): 1917 film by Richard Oswald, instance of film
7. The Picture of Dorian Gray, also known as Picture of Dorian Gray (wd:Q1167302): instance of television film, 1976 television film
8. The Picture of Dorian Gray, also known as Picture of Dorian Gray (wd:Q17044933): 1915 film directed by Eugene Moore, instance of film
9. The Picture of Dorian Gray, also known as Picture of Dorian Gray (wd:Q7757059): 1918 Hungarian silent film by Alfréd Deésy, instance of film
10. The Picture of Dorian Gray, also known as Picture of Dorian Gray, Dorian Grays Portræt (wd:Q15177406): 1910 film by Axel Strøm, instance of short film

[Assistant] The entity "The Picture of Dorian Gray" as a literary work is identified as wd:Q82464. Now, I will find the author of this literary work.

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| author                  |
| ----------------------- |
| Oscar Wilde (wd:Q30875) |

[Assistant] The author of "The Picture of Dorian Gray" is Oscar Wilde (wd:Q30875). Next, I will find all literary works written by Oscar Wilde and count them excluding "The Picture of Dorian Gray."

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| count         |
| ------------- |
| 133 (xsd:int) |

[Tool] Stopped generation process


PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
SELECT ?population WHERE {
  wd:Q42053 wdt:P1082 ?population .
}

Isfahan has a population of about 1,961,260 people, which qualifies it as a big city.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian with notes:
1. When direct properties are missing, chain related properties (e.g., child→child for grandchildren) or search for indirect connections to answer complex relationship queries.
2. For set/class queries (e.g., all cities, all holidays), use instance/subclass chains (P31/P279) for completeness and relevant filters. Be aware of data incompleteness and schema inconsistencies in Wikidata.
3. If queries return too many irrelevant or too few results, try varying properties (country, location, observed in, etc.) and subclass chains, but be ready to report data/model limitations if results remain incomplete or noisy.
4. When a direct property or class is missing or inconsistently used, try related or broader properties/classes (e.g., use inception for independence date, or musical work/composition for musicals) to increase recall.
5. For calculated properties (e.g., population density), combine relevant direct properties (e.g., population, area) in SPARQL queries, as Wikidata may not store the derived value directly.
6. When entity search returns multiple candidates, use context (description, instance type, location, etc.) to disambiguate and select the most relevant entity for the query.

No general notes for all knowledge graphs available

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
qlss: <https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/spatialSearch/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Search for the entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Execute intermediate queries to get feedback and to verify your assumptions. You may need to refine or rethink your current plan based on the query results and go back to step 2 if needed, possibly multiple times.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not just use or make up entity or property identifiers without verifying their existence in the knowledge graphs first.
3. Always execute your final SPARQL query before giving an answer to make sure it returns the expected results.
4. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
5. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
6. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
7. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
8. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] is Isfahan a big city?

[Assistant] To answer whether Isfahan is a big city, I need to determine the population of Isfahan and compare it to typical city sizes. First, I will find the Wikidata entity for Isfahan and then retrieve its population. This will help me assess if it qualifies as a big city. I will start by searching for the entity "Isfahan" in Wikidata.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Isfahan, also known as Ispahān, Isfahān, Ispahân, Ispahan, Spahan (wd:Q42053): city in Isfahan Province, Iran, instance of city of Iran, instance of largest city, instance of global city, instance of metropolis, instance of big city
2. Isfahan (wd:Q21998562): instance of musical work/composition, 1967 jazz song by Duke Ellington
3. Isfahan (wd:Q103936201): instance of encyclopedia article, encyclopedia article
4. Isfahan Province, also known as Esfahan Province (wd:Q1367759): instance of province of Iran, province of Iran
5. Isfahan County (wd:Q1282082): county in Isfahan Province, Iran, instance of county of Iran
6. Isfahan International Airport, also known as OIFM, Shahid Beheshti Airport, Shahid Beheshti International Airport, Isfahan Airport, IFN (wd:Q1151889): instance of commercial traffic aerodrome, International airport in Isfahan, Iran, instance of international airport, instance of airport
7. Baharestan, also known as Baharestan, Isfahan (wd:Q430773): city in Isfahan Province, Iran, instance of city of Iran
8. Isfahan Metro (wd:Q5963929): rapid transit system in Isfahan, Iran, instance of rapid transit
9. Dowlatabad, also known as Shapurabad, Dowlatabad, Isfahan, Dowlatabad, Borkhar, Dowlatābād, Daulatābād (wd:Q2616779): city in Isfahan Province, Iran, instance of city of Iran
10. Isfahan Grand Bazaar, also known as Isfahan Bazaar, Grand Bazaar of Isfahan, Grand Bazaar, Isfahan, Bazaar of Isfahan (wd:Q2754230): bazaar in Isfahan, Iran, instance of bazaar

[Assistant] The Wikidata entity for the city Isfahan is wd:Q42053. It is described as a city in Isfahan Province, Iran, and is an instance of a city of Iran, largest city, global city, metropolis, and big city. To confirm if Isfahan is a big city, I will now query its population to see if it supports this classification.

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| population            |
| --------------------- |
| 1961260 (xsd:decimal) |

[Tool] Stopped generation process


PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
SELECT DISTINCT ?work ?workLabel WHERE {
  ?work wdt:P50 wd:Q312101 .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?work rdfs:label ?workLabel FILTER ( LANG( ?workLabel ) = "en" )
  }
  FILTER ( ! CONTAINS( LCASE( ?workLabel ) , "witcher" ) && ! CONTAINS( LCASE( ?workLabel ) , "zaklínač" ) )
}

Got 35 rows and 2 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| work                                            | workLabel                              |
| ----------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------- |
| Sezon burz (wd:Q110944992)                      | Sezon burz (en)                        |
| Владычица Озера (wd:Q110945057)                 | Владычица Озера (en)                   |
| The Edge of the World (wd:Q11747958)            | The Edge of the World (en)             |
| A Question of Price (wd:Q11751682)              | A Question of Price (en)               |
| Sword of Destiny (wd:Q11779609)                 | Sword of Destiny (en)                  |
| ...                                             | ...                                    |
| A Little Sacrifice (wd:Q9361665)                | A Little Sacrifice (en)                |
| Eternal Fire (wd:Q9372652)                      | Eternal Fire (en)                      |
| A Grain of Truth (wd:Q9390914)                  | A Grain of Truth (en)                  |
| The World of King Arthur. Maladie (wd:Q9396213) | The World of King Arthur. Maladie (en) |
| Viper (wd:Q969992)                              | Viper (en)                             |

The notable works of Andrzej Sapkowski apart from the book series The Witcher include: Sezon burz, Владычица Озера, The Edge of the World, A Question of Price, Sword of Destiny, A Little Sacrifice, Eternal Fire, A Grain of Truth, The World of King Arthur. Maladie, and Viper.

Apart from the book series the witcher, name all of the author’s notable work.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian with notes:
1. When direct properties are missing, chain related properties (e.g., child→child for grandchildren) or search for indirect connections to answer complex relationship queries.
2. For set/class queries (e.g., all cities, all holidays), use instance/subclass chains (P31/P279) for completeness and relevant filters. Be aware of data incompleteness and schema inconsistencies in Wikidata.
3. If queries return too many irrelevant or too few results, try varying properties (country, location, observed in, etc.) and subclass chains, but be ready to report data/model limitations if results remain incomplete or noisy.
4. When a direct property or class is missing or inconsistently used, try related or broader properties/classes (e.g., use inception for independence date, or musical work/composition for musicals) to increase recall.
5. For calculated properties (e.g., population density), combine relevant direct properties (e.g., population, area) in SPARQL queries, as Wikidata may not store the derived value directly.
6. When entity search returns multiple candidates, use context (description, instance type, location, etc.) to disambiguate and select the most relevant entity for the query.

No general notes for all knowledge graphs available

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
qlss: <https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/spatialSearch/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Search for the entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Execute intermediate queries to get feedback and to verify your assumptions. You may need to refine or rethink your current plan based on the query results and go back to step 2 if needed, possibly multiple times.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not just use or make up entity or property identifiers without verifying their existence in the knowledge graphs first.
3. Always execute your final SPARQL query before giving an answer to make sure it returns the expected results.
4. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
5. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
6. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
7. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
8. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] Apart from the book series the witcher, name all of the author’s notable work.

[Assistant]
Step 1: Identify the author of the book series "The Witcher." The Witcher is a well-known book series written by Andrzej Sapkowski. I will search for the entity representing "The Witcher" book series in Wikidata to confirm the author.

Step 2: Once the author is identified, I will find all notable works by this author excluding "The Witcher" book series.

I will start by searching for the entity "The Witcher" in Wikidata.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. The Witcher, also known as The Witcher saga (wd:Q11835640): series of fantasy novels and short stories by Polish writer Andrzej Sapkowski, instance of book series
2. The Witcher (wd:Q47500433): 2019 fantasy drama television series, instance of television series
3. The Witcher (wd:Q287637): instance of video game, 2007 video game
4. The Witcher (wd:Q18935909): video game series by CD Projekt RED, instance of video game series
5. The Hexer, also known as The Witcher (wd:Q1979337): 2002 fantasy television series, instance of television series
6. The Witcher, also known as Spellmaker (wd:Q9372681): short story by Andrzej Sapkowski, instance of literary work
7. The Witcher (wd:Q11798735): short story collection by Andrzej Sapkowski, instance of literary work
8. The Witcher, also known as The Witcher (remake) (wd:Q117083359): remake of the original 2007 'The Witcher' game, instance of video game
9. The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt, also known as Witcher 3, The Witcher 3, Wild Hunt, TW3, The Witcher III: Wild Hunt (wd:Q4267401): 2015 action role-playing video game, instance of video game
10. The Witcher 2: Assassins of Kings, also known as The Witcher 2, TW2, Witcher 2, Witcher 2: Assassins of Kings (wd:Q917272): instance of video game, 2011 video game

[Assistant] The Witcher book series is represented by the entity wd:Q11835640 in Wikidata. The author is Andrzej Sapkowski. Next, I will find the author of this book series and then list all notable works by this author excluding "The Witcher" book series.

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| author                         |
| ------------------------------ |
| Andrzej Sapkowski (wd:Q312101) |

[Assistant] The author of "The Witcher" book series is Andrzej Sapkowski (wd:Q312101). Now I will find all notable works by Andrzej Sapkowski excluding "The Witcher" book series (wd:Q11835640). I will look for works where Andrzej Sapkowski is the author and filter out the Witcher series.

[Tool]
Got 80 rows and 2 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| work                                                                     | workLabel                                                     |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Zaklínač: Bouřková sezóna: román o Geraltovi (wd:Q110944981)             | Zaklínač: Bouřková sezóna: román o Geraltovi (en)             |
| Sezon burz (wd:Q110944992)                                               | Sezon burz (en)                                               |
| Paní jezera: pátá část ságy o zaklínači (wd:Q110945037)                  | Paní jezera: pátá část ságy o zaklínači (en)                  |
| Владычица Озера (wd:Q110945057)                                          | Владычица Озера (en)                                          |
| Zaklínač VII: Paní jezera: pátý román o Geraltovi a Ciri (wd:Q110945072) | Zaklínač VII: Paní jezera: pátý román o Geraltovi a Ciri (en) |
| ...                                                                      | ...                                                           |
| Eternal Fire (wd:Q9372652)                                               | Eternal Fire (en)                                             |
| The Witcher (wd:Q9372681)                                                | The Witcher (en)                                              |
| A Grain of Truth (wd:Q9390914)                                           | A Grain of Truth (en)                                         |
| The World of King Arthur. Maladie (wd:Q9396213)                          | The World of King Arthur. Maladie (en)                        |
| Viper (wd:Q969992)                                                       | Viper (en)                                                    |

[Assistant] The query returned many works by Andrzej Sapkowski, but some of them are related to "The Witcher" series (e.g., "The Witcher," "Zaklínač" which is the original Polish title for The Witcher). I will refine the query to exclude works that are part of "The Witcher" series by filtering out titles containing "Witcher" or "Zaklínač" and also check for notable works that are not part of this series.

[Tool]
Got 35 rows and 2 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| work                                            | workLabel                              |
| ----------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------- |
| Sezon burz (wd:Q110944992)                      | Sezon burz (en)                        |
| Владычица Озера (wd:Q110945057)                 | Владычица Озера (en)                   |
| The Edge of the World (wd:Q11747958)            | The Edge of the World (en)             |
| A Question of Price (wd:Q11751682)              | A Question of Price (en)               |
| Sword of Destiny (wd:Q11779609)                 | Sword of Destiny (en)                  |
| ...                                             | ...                                    |
| A Little Sacrifice (wd:Q9361665)                | A Little Sacrifice (en)                |
| Eternal Fire (wd:Q9372652)                      | Eternal Fire (en)                      |
| A Grain of Truth (wd:Q9390914)                  | A Grain of Truth (en)                  |
| The World of King Arthur. Maladie (wd:Q9396213) | The World of King Arthur. Maladie (en) |
| Viper (wd:Q969992)                              | Viper (en)                             |

[Tool] Stopped generation process


PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
SELECT ( COUNT( DISTINCT ?person ) AS ?count ) WHERE {
  ?person wdt:P31 wd:Q5 ; wdt:P166 wd:Q17985761 ; wdt:P172 wd:Q49085 .
}

There are 102 African-American people who have received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame according to Wikidata.

How many african-american people got a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian with notes:
1. When direct properties are missing, chain related properties (e.g., child→child for grandchildren) or search for indirect connections to answer complex relationship queries.
2. For set/class queries (e.g., all cities, all holidays), use instance/subclass chains (P31/P279) for completeness and relevant filters. Be aware of data incompleteness and schema inconsistencies in Wikidata.
3. If queries return too many irrelevant or too few results, try varying properties (country, location, observed in, etc.) and subclass chains, but be ready to report data/model limitations if results remain incomplete or noisy.
4. When a direct property or class is missing or inconsistently used, try related or broader properties/classes (e.g., use inception for independence date, or musical work/composition for musicals) to increase recall.
5. For calculated properties (e.g., population density), combine relevant direct properties (e.g., population, area) in SPARQL queries, as Wikidata may not store the derived value directly.
6. When entity search returns multiple candidates, use context (description, instance type, location, etc.) to disambiguate and select the most relevant entity for the query.

No general notes for all knowledge graphs available

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
qlss: <https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/spatialSearch/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Search for the entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Execute intermediate queries to get feedback and to verify your assumptions. You may need to refine or rethink your current plan based on the query results and go back to step 2 if needed, possibly multiple times.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not just use or make up entity or property identifiers without verifying their existence in the knowledge graphs first.
3. Always execute your final SPARQL query before giving an answer to make sure it returns the expected results.
4. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
5. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
6. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
7. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
8. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] How many african-american people got a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

[Assistant]
To answer this question, I need to identify the following:
1. The entity or class representing people who have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
2. The property or qualifier that indicates the ethnicity or racial group "African-American."
3. Count the number of such people.

Step 1: Identify the entity or class for people with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
Step 2: Identify how African-American people are represented in Wikidata (likely through an ethnicity or ethnic group property).
Step 3: Query the count of people who are both African-American and have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

I will start by searching for the entity representing the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Hollywood Walk of Fame, also known as Walk of Fame (wd:Q71719): more than 2,700 five-pointed terrazzo and brass stars embedded i...ulevard and three blocks of Vine Street in Hollywood, California, instance of tourist attraction, instance of hall of fame, instance of walk of fame, instance of monument, instance of avenue
2. star on Hollywood Walk of Fame, also known as Hollywood Walk of Fame star (wd:Q17985761)
3. Hollywood's Rock Walk of Fame, also known as Rock walk of fame (wd:Q3139400): instance of walk of fame
4. Walk of Fame (wd:Q48673901): 2017 film by Jesse Thomas, instance of film
5. Walk of Fame (wd:Q51084447): street in Saint Petersburg, Russia, instance of historic site, instance of street
6. Walk of Fame (wd:Q7962075): memorial for famous dogs in Battersea Park, London, England, UK, instance of walk of fame
7. walk of fame (wd:Q47502370)
8. Starr gets star; Ringo added to Hollywood Walk of Fame (wd:Q18021457): instance of Wikinews article, Wikinews article
9. Walk of Fame (wd:Q114476628): instance of television series episode, episode of Cupcake Wars (S2 E11)
10. Walk of Fame, also known as Believe Square, Wigan's Walk of Fame (wd:Q121879112): public walkway in Wigan, England, instance of walk of fame, instance of square

[Assistant]
The entity "star on Hollywood Walk of Fame" (wd:Q17985761) represents a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. This is likely the best entity to use for identifying people who have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Next, I will identify how African-American people are represented in Wikidata, likely through an ethnic group property. I will search for the ethnic group "African-American."

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. African Americans, also known as Afro-Americans, Black Americans, Black Americans and Afro-Americans, Black or African American, African American (wd:Q49085)
2. African-American (wd:L480654)
3. African-American (wd:L480654-F1)
4. spirituals, also known as African-American spirituals, spiritual music, spiritual, Negro spirituals (wd:Q212024)
5. African American literature, also known as Negro literature, Black literature, Afro-American literature, African-American literature (wd:Q388170)
6. African-American music, also known as Black music, Afro-American music, Black American music, African American music (wd:Q388207)
7. African American history, also known as Black American history, history of African-Americans, history of African Americans, Afro-American history, African-American history (wd:Q162881)
8. African American studies, also known as Black studies, African-American studies, African-Americanology, African American and Diaspora Studies, African-American/Black studies (wd:Q383968)
9. African-American English, also known as Black English, African American English, AAE (wd:Q48767245)
10. African-American culture, also known as culture of African-Americans, Black American culture, African American culture (wd:Q3007177)

[Assistant]
The entity representing African Americans as an ethnic group is "African Americans" (wd:Q49085).

Next, I will identify the property used to indicate ethnic group for a person in Wikidata. I will search for properties related to "ethnic group" or "ethnicity."

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. ethnic group, also known as tribal affiliation, race, people, ethnicity, culture (wd:P172 as psn/wdt/ps/prn/pr/wdtn/pq/pqv/p/prv/psv/pqn): subject's ethnicity (consensus is that a VERY high standard of p...agreed on by scholars, or 3) is fictional and portrayed as such)
2. diaspora, also known as diaspora of, part of diaspora (wd:P3833 as psn/wdt/ps/prn/pr/wdtn/pq/pqv/p/prv/psv/pqn): diaspora that a cultural group belongs to
3. tribe, also known as member of tribe, tribal affiliation, member in tribe, community (wd:P12011 as psn/wdt/ps/prn/pr/wdtn/pq/pqv/p/prv/psv/pqn): recognised membership in a society, mainly denoted by shared cultural heritage; for ethnicity use P172
4. classification of race, also known as classification of cycling race (wd:P2502 as psn/wdt/ps/prn/pr/wdtn/pq/pqv/p/prv/psv/pqn): race for which this classification applies
5. country of citizenship, also known as subject of (country), nation of citizenship, national of, nationality, nation (wd:P27 as psn/wdt/ps/prn/pr/wdtn/pq/pqv/p/prv/psv/pqn): the object is a country that recognizes the subject as its citizen, subproperty of country
6. demographics of topic, also known as demography of topic (wd:P9241 as psn/wdt/ps/prn/pr/wdtn/pq/pqv/p/prv/psv/pqn): item that deals with demographics of the subject
7. population, also known as human population, inhabitants (wd:P1082 as psn/wdt/ps/prn/pr/wdtn/pq/pqv/p/prv/psv/pqn): number of people inhabiting the place; number of people of subject
8. ancestral home, also known as ancestral land, native village, native place, ancestral village, ancestral place (wd:P66 as psn/wdt/ps/prn/pr/wdtn/pq/pqv/p/prv/psv/pqn): place of origin for ancestors of subject, subproperty of significant place
9. number of speakers, writers, or signers, also known as signers of a language, speakers of language, writers of a language (wd:P1098 as psn/wdt/ps/prn/pr/wdtn/pq/pqv/p/prv/psv/pqn): number of people who use a language
10. blood type, also known as blood group (wd:P1853 as psn/wdt/ps/prn/pr/wdtn/pq/pqv/p/prv/psv/pqn): blood type of the human or animal

[Assistant]
The property "ethnic group" (wdt:P172) is used to indicate the subject's ethnicity.

Next, I will identify the property that links a person to having a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. I will check the properties of the entity "star on Hollywood Walk of Fame" (wd:Q17985761) to find a suitable property that links to people who have such a star.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. category for recipients of this award, also known as recipcat, recipient category (wd:P2517 as wdt/p): link to Wikimedia category for recipients of this award, subproperty of topic's main category
2. depicts, also known as reproduces, portrays, represents, quotes, preserves (wd:P180 as wdt/p): entity visually depicted in an image, literarily described in a ...o an audiovisual or other medium; see also P921,  'main subject', subproperty of has part(s)
3. image, also known as img, infobox image, photo, photograph, picture (wd:P18 as wdt/p): image of relevant illustration of the subject; if available, als...tor map, flag image, signature image, logo image, collage image)
4. instance of, also known as example of, has type, is a, is an, is of type (wd:P31 as wdt/p): type to which this subject corresponds/belongs. Different from P...tains, and the volcano is a type (instance) of volcanic landform
5. country, also known as state, sovereign state, land, host country (wd:P17 as wdt/p): sovereign state that this item is in (not to be used for human beings), subproperty of located in the administrative territorial entity
6. part of, also known as meronym of, contained within, of, part of-property, section of (wd:P361 as wdt/p): object of which the subject is a part (if this subject is alread... of "has part" (P527, see also "has parts of the class" (P2670))
7. subclass of, also known as subcategory of, subgenre of, sort of, subtype of, type of (wd:P279 as wdt/p): this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; ALL instances of ...stance of volcanic landform); Everest is an instance of mountain
8. topic's main category, also known as category for this topic, Wikipedia category, Wikimedia category, Wiki category, subject category (wd:P910 as wdt/p): main Wikimedia category
9. has list, also known as topic list, related list, topic's list, has this list, list article (wd:P2354 as wdt/p): Wikimedia list related to this subject

No other items found

[Assistant] The entity "star on Hollywood Walk of Fame" (wd:Q17985761) does not have a direct property linking it to the recipients (people who have the star). I will try to find a property that links a person to having a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame by searching for properties related to "Hollywood Walk of Fame" for humans or people.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. significant person, also known as significant people, sigper, sign. person, relevant person, relevant people (wd:P3342 as psn/wdt/ps/prn/pr/wdtn/pq/pqv/p/prv/psv/pqn): person linked to the item in any possible way
2. Movie Walker Press person ID, also known as Movie Walker person ID (wd:P7745 as psn/wdt/ps/prn/pr/wdtn/pq/pqv/p/prv/psv/pqn): identifier of person on the Movie Walker Press database
3. bases on balls, also known as career bases on balls, walks total, walks career total, walks, number of walks (wd:P9188 as psn/wdt/ps/prn/pr/wdtn/pq/pqv/p/prv/psv/pqn): number of walks in a baseball career or game(s)
4. cast member, also known as film starring, starring, feat., starring (film/play), actor (wd:P161 as psn/wdt/ps/prn/pr/wdtn/pq/pqv/p/prv/psv/pqn): actor in the subject production [use "character role" (P453) and...use "recorded participant" (P11108) for non-fiction productions], subproperty of significant person, subproperty of performer
5. media legend, also known as video legend, video description, video caption, media description, media caption (wd:P2096 as psn/wdt/ps/prn/pr/wdtn/pq/pqv/p/prv/psv/pqn): qualifier to describe the media of the statement. This avoids le...the media is defined at Wikidata. For the date, use P585 instead
6. hotel rating, also known as hotel stars, star rating of a hotel (wd:P10290 as psn/wdt/ps/prn/pr/wdtn/pq/pqv/p/prv/psv/pqn): star rating of the hotel
7. spectral class, also known as is an object of class, is a star of class (wd:P215 as psn/wdt/ps/prn/pr/wdtn/pq/pqv/p/prv/psv/pqn): spectral class of an astronomical object
8. California Sports Hall of Fame athlete ID (wd:P4507 as psn/wdt/ps/prn/pr/wdtn/pq/pqv/p/prv/psv/pqn): identifier for an athlete on the California Sports Hall of Fame website
9. influenced by, also known as favorite player, has influence, informed by, role model (wd:P737 as psn/wdt/ps/prn/pr/wdtn/pq/pqv/p/prv/psv/pqn): this person, idea, etc. is informed by that other person, idea, etc., e.g. “Heidegger was influenced by Aristotle”
10. commemorates, also known as anniversary of, monument to, memorial to, memorializes, marks (wd:P547 as psn/wdt/ps/prn/pr/wdtn/pq/pqv/p/prv/psv/pqn): what the place, monument, memorial, or holiday, commemorates, subproperty of main subject

[Assistant]
There is no direct property explicitly named for having a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. However, I will try a different approach: I will search for people who are instances of human (wd:Q5) and have an award or honor related to the Hollywood Walk of Fame star (wd:Q17985761) using the property "award received" (wdt:P166).

I will also filter those people who have the ethnic group "African Americans" (wd:Q49085).

I will now construct a SPARQL query to count the number of African-American people who have received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| count         |
| ------------- |
| 102 (xsd:int) |

[Tool] Stopped generation process


PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
SELECT ?creator ?creatorLabel WHERE {
  wd:Q163310 wdt:P61 ?creator .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?creator rdfs:label ?creatorLabel FILTER ( LANG( ?creatorLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}

Got 1 row and 2 columns:
| creator                | creatorLabel     |
| ---------------------- | ---------------- |
| Alan Turing (wd:Q7251) | Alan Turing (en) |

The Turing machine was created by Alan Turing.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian with notes:
1. When direct properties are missing, chain related properties (e.g., child→child for grandchildren) or search for indirect connections to answer complex relationship queries.
2. For set/class queries (e.g., all cities, all holidays), use instance/subclass chains (P31/P279) for completeness and relevant filters. Be aware of data incompleteness and schema inconsistencies in Wikidata.
3. If queries return too many irrelevant or too few results, try varying properties (country, location, observed in, etc.) and subclass chains, but be ready to report data/model limitations if results remain incomplete or noisy.
4. When a direct property or class is missing or inconsistently used, try related or broader properties/classes (e.g., use inception for independence date, or musical work/composition for musicals) to increase recall.
5. For calculated properties (e.g., population density), combine relevant direct properties (e.g., population, area) in SPARQL queries, as Wikidata may not store the derived value directly.
6. When entity search returns multiple candidates, use context (description, instance type, location, etc.) to disambiguate and select the most relevant entity for the query.

No general notes for all knowledge graphs available

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
qlss: <https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/spatialSearch/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Search for the entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Execute intermediate queries to get feedback and to verify your assumptions. You may need to refine or rethink your current plan based on the query results and go back to step 2 if needed, possibly multiple times.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not just use or make up entity or property identifiers without verifying their existence in the knowledge graphs first.
3. Always execute your final SPARQL query before giving an answer to make sure it returns the expected results.
4. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
5. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
6. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
7. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
8. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] Who created the Turing machine?

[Assistant]
To answer the question "Who created the Turing machine?", I need to identify the entity "Turing machine" and find the property related to its creator or inventor.

Step 1: Search for the entity "Turing machine" in Wikidata.
Step 2: Look for properties related to the creator or inventor of the Turing machine.

I will start by searching for the entity "Turing machine" in Wikidata.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Turing machine, also known as deterministic Turing machine (wd:Q163310)
2. Turing Machine (wd:Q7854958): instance of musical group, band
3. Turing Machine (wd:Q118469770): Greek theatrical performance at the New Theatre of Katerina Vassilakou, Athens, 2022/3, instance of theatrical production
4. Turing Machine (wd:Q116450980): instance of board game, 2022 board game
5. non-deterministic Turing machine, also known as NTM, nondeterministic Turing machine (wd:Q1190223)
6. universal Turing machine, also known as UCM, Universal Computing Machine, UTM (wd:Q2703890)
7. probabilistic Turing machine (wd:Q1191836)
8. quantum Turing machine (wd:Q765620)
9. Alternating Turing machine, also known as Alternating Turing Machine, ATM (wd:Q438833)
10. neural Turing machine (wd:Q25325414)

[Assistant] The entity "Turing machine" corresponds to wd:Q163310 in Wikidata. Now I will look for properties related to the creator or inventor of this entity. Common properties for creator or inventor are "creator" (P170) or "inventor" (P61). I will check these properties for the entity wd:Q163310.

[Tool] Got no rows and 3 columns

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 3 columns:
| subject                     | property                         | object                 |
| --------------------------- | -------------------------------- | ---------------------- |
| Turing machine (wd:Q163310) | discoverer or inventor (wdt:P61) | Alan Turing (wd:Q7251) |

[Tool] Stopped generation process


PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
SELECT ?inception WHERE {
  wd:Q523286 wdt:P571 ?inception .
}

Hambach Castle was built in the year 1100.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian with notes:
1. When direct properties are missing, chain related properties (e.g., child→child for grandchildren) or search for indirect connections to answer complex relationship queries.
2. For set/class queries (e.g., all cities, all holidays), use instance/subclass chains (P31/P279) for completeness and relevant filters. Be aware of data incompleteness and schema inconsistencies in Wikidata.
3. If queries return too many irrelevant or too few results, try varying properties (country, location, observed in, etc.) and subclass chains, but be ready to report data/model limitations if results remain incomplete or noisy.
4. When a direct property or class is missing or inconsistently used, try related or broader properties/classes (e.g., use inception for independence date, or musical work/composition for musicals) to increase recall.
5. For calculated properties (e.g., population density), combine relevant direct properties (e.g., population, area) in SPARQL queries, as Wikidata may not store the derived value directly.
6. When entity search returns multiple candidates, use context (description, instance type, location, etc.) to disambiguate and select the most relevant entity for the query.

No general notes for all knowledge graphs available

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
qlss: <https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/spatialSearch/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Search for the entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Execute intermediate queries to get feedback and to verify your assumptions. You may need to refine or rethink your current plan based on the query results and go back to step 2 if needed, possibly multiple times.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not just use or make up entity or property identifiers without verifying their existence in the knowledge graphs first.
3. Always execute your final SPARQL query before giving an answer to make sure it returns the expected results.
4. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
5. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
6. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
7. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
8. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] When was the Hambach Castle built?

[Assistant] To answer the question about when Hambach Castle was built, I will first search for the entity "Hambach Castle" in Wikidata to get its identifier. Then I will look for properties related to the construction or inception date of the castle.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Hambach Castle (wd:Q523286): castle near the urban district Hambach of Neustadt an der Weinstraße in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, instance of château, instance of castle
2. castle (wd:Q23413)
3. rook, also known as marquess, R, rector, Rook (chess), ♜ (wd:Q137)
4. castling, also known as castle (wd:Q102877)
5. Castle (wd:Q386880): American police procedural comedy-drama television series (2009-2016), instance of television series
6. Hambach (wd:Q22391): instance of commune of France, commune in Moselle, France
7. château, also known as landschloss, chateau, castle (wd:Q751876)
8. Hambach, also known as Hambach (Diez) (wd:Q566907): instance of non-urban municipality in Germany, municipality of Germany
9. Castle, also known as Castle, OK (wd:Q3287085): town in Okfuskee County, Oklahoma, United States, instance of town in the United States, instance of human settlement
10. Peveril Castle, also known as Castleton Castle, Peak Castle, Peveril Castle eleventh to fourteenth century tower keep castle (wd:Q255574): castle in Castleton, Derbyshire, England, UK, instance of castle

[Assistant] I found the entity Hambach Castle with the identifier wd:Q523286. Next, I will look for properties related to the construction or inception date of Hambach Castle. Common properties for this information might be "inception" (P571) or "date of construction" if available. I will check the properties of this entity to find the relevant date.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. inception, also known as inception date, founding date, founded in, founded on date, founded on (wd:P571 as wdt/p): time when an entity begins to exist; for date of official opening use P1619, subproperty of start time
2. official website, also known as site (official), site official, URL, URL (official), URL official (wd:P856 as wdt/p): URL of the official page of an item (current or former). Usage: ...but see the "Hijacked or dead websites" section of the Talk page, subproperty of URL
3. instance of, also known as example of, has type, is a, is an, is of type (wd:P31 as wdt/p): type to which this subject corresponds/belongs. Different from P...tains, and the volcano is a type (instance) of volcanic landform
4. GND ID, also known as GND identifier, Universal Authority File, Integrated Authority File, IndividualisedGnd, GND-IDN (wd:P227 as wdt/p/wdtn): identifier from an international authority file of names, subjects, and organizations
5. located in the administrative territorial entity, also known as is in the shire of, is in the voivodeship of, is in the state of, is in the territory of, is in the town of (wd:P131 as wdt/p): the item is located on the territory of the following administra...if the item falls only partially into the administrative entity., subproperty of location, subproperty of part of
6. award received, also known as winner of, win, recognition title, received award, award won (wd:P166 as wdt/p): award or recognition received by a person, organization or creative work
7. described by source, also known as mentioned in, mentioned in news article, reviewed in, source of item, subject in (wd:P1343 as wdt/p): work where this item is described, subproperty of attested in
8. country, also known as state, sovereign state, land, host country (wd:P17 as wdt/p): sovereign state that this item is in (not to be used for human beings), subproperty of located in the administrative territorial entity
9. image, also known as img, infobox image, photo, photograph, picture (wd:P18 as wdt/p): image of relevant illustration of the subject; if available, als...tor map, flag image, signature image, logo image, collage image)
10. coordinate location, also known as gps co-ordinates, wgs 84, gps coordinates, gps location, latitude (wd:P625 as wdt/p): geocoordinates of the subject. For Earth, please note that only WGS84 coordinating system is supported at the moment

No other items found

[Assistant] The property "inception" (P571) is the relevant property for the date when Hambach Castle was built. I will now query the inception date of Hambach Castle (wd:Q523286).

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 2 columns:
| inception                           | inceptionLabel |
| ----------------------------------- | -------------- |
| 1100-01-01T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) |                |

[Tool] Stopped generation process


PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
SELECT ?filmFestival ?filmFestivalLabel ?inception WHERE {
  ?filmFestival wdt:P31 wd:Q220505 .
  ?filmFestival wdt:P571 ?inception .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?filmFestival rdfs:label ?filmFestivalLabel FILTER ( LANG( ?filmFestivalLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}
ORDER BY ?inception
LIMIT 1

The oldest film festival is the Venice Biennale, which started in 1895.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian with notes:
1. When direct properties are missing, chain related properties (e.g., child→child for grandchildren) or search for indirect connections to answer complex relationship queries.
2. For set/class queries (e.g., all cities, all holidays), use instance/subclass chains (P31/P279) for completeness and relevant filters. Be aware of data incompleteness and schema inconsistencies in Wikidata.
3. If queries return too many irrelevant or too few results, try varying properties (country, location, observed in, etc.) and subclass chains, but be ready to report data/model limitations if results remain incomplete or noisy.
4. When a direct property or class is missing or inconsistently used, try related or broader properties/classes (e.g., use inception for independence date, or musical work/composition for musicals) to increase recall.
5. For calculated properties (e.g., population density), combine relevant direct properties (e.g., population, area) in SPARQL queries, as Wikidata may not store the derived value directly.
6. When entity search returns multiple candidates, use context (description, instance type, location, etc.) to disambiguate and select the most relevant entity for the query.

No general notes for all knowledge graphs available

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
qlss: <https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/spatialSearch/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Search for the entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Execute intermediate queries to get feedback and to verify your assumptions. You may need to refine or rethink your current plan based on the query results and go back to step 2 if needed, possibly multiple times.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not just use or make up entity or property identifiers without verifying their existence in the knowledge graphs first.
3. Always execute your final SPARQL query before giving an answer to make sure it returns the expected results.
4. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
5. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
6. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
7. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
8. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] what is the oldest film festival?

[Assistant] To answer the question about the oldest film festival, I need to identify the entity "film festival" and find the one with the earliest starting or inception date. I will start by searching for the entity "film festival" in Wikidata to find its identifier. Then I will query for film festivals ordered by their inception date to find the oldest one.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. film festival, also known as motion picture festival, movie festival (wd:Q220505)
2. Filmstock Film Festival (wd:Q14681975): annual film festival held in Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado and Utah, USA, instance of film festival
3. Filmstock Film Festival (wd:Q125713127): instance of film festival
4. Filmworks Film Festival (wd:Q125735665): instance of film festival
5. Filmworks Film Festival (wd:Q125606262): instance of film festival
6. Filmshift Film Festival (wd:Q125712688): instance of film festival
7. film festival (wd:L745705-S1)
8. Cannes Film Festival, also known as Cannes International Film Festival, Festival de Cannes (wd:Q42369): annual film festival held in Cannes, France, instance of annual film festival, instance of event
9. Berlin International Film Festival, also known as Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin, Berlinale, Berlin Film Festival, Berlin Festival (wd:Q130871): annual film festival held in Berlin, Germany, instance of film festival, instance of annual event
10. Venice Film Festival, also known as Venice International Film Festival (wd:Q49024): annual film festival held in Venice, Italy, instance of film festival

[Assistant] The entity "film festival" is identified as wd:Q220505. Now I will query for film festivals (instances of wd:Q220505) ordered by their inception date to find the oldest one.

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 3 columns:
| filmFestival                 | filmFestivalLabel    | inception                           |
| ---------------------------- | -------------------- | ----------------------------------- |
| Venice Biennale (wd:Q205751) | Venice Biennale (en) | 1895-01-01T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) |

[Assistant] The oldest film festival according to the data is the Venice Biennale, which started in 1895. I will now finalize the answer.

[Tool] Stopped generation process