PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
SELECT ?taxon ?taxonLabel ?startTime WHERE {
  wd:Q81214 wdt:P171 ?taxon .
  ?taxon wdt:P580 ?startTime .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?taxon rdfs:label ?taxonLabel FILTER ( LANG( ?taxonLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}

The first sperm whales existed around 5,300,000 years ago, as indicated by the start time of their parent taxon Physeter.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] When did the first sperm whales exist?

[Assistant] Let's start by looking at some similar examples.

[Tool] No examples found

[Assistant] There are no directly similar example questions available. Next, I will search for the entity "sperm whale" in Wikidata to identify its identifier. Then I will look for properties related to its existence or origin time.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. sperm whale, also known as cachalot, Physeter macrocephalus (wd:Q81214): largest species of toothed whale
2. Sperm Whale, also known as Nahang-e-Anbar (wd:Q20111251): 2015 film directed by Saman Moghadam
3. Sperm whale (wd:Q115479916): water colour painting of a sperm whale
4. sperm whale, also known as cachalot (wd:Q113680749): fictional monster from Dungeons & Dragons
5. sperm whale (wd:L591643-S1)
6. pygmy sperm whale, also known as Kogia breviceps (wd:Q244300): species of mammal
7. dwarf sperm whale, also known as Kogia sima (wd:Q42669): species of mammal
8. macroraptorial sperm whale, also known as raptorial sperm whale (wd:Q56274847): highly predatory whales of the sperm whale superfamily (Physeteroidea) of the Miocene epoch
9. Sperm Whale Head (wd:Q21903224): point in Australia
10. High-finned sperm whale, also known as high-finned cachalot (wd:Q99565665): species of whale (Cryptid)

[Assistant] The entity for the sperm whale is wd:Q81214. Now I want to find properties related to the existence or origin time of this entity. I will search for properties of the sperm whale entity related to "exist" or "origin".

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. start time, also known as start date, since, valid, join time, joined (wd:P580 as p/wdt): time an entity begins to exist or a statement starts being valid, point in time
2. pronunciation audio, also known as listen, audio pronunciation (wd:P443 as p/wdt): audio file with pronunciation, audio
3. subclass of, also known as rdfs:subClassOf, sort of, subcategory of, subgenre of, subtype of (wd:P279 as p/wdt): this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; ALL instances of ...stance of volcanic landform); Everest is an instance of mountain
4. image, also known as still capture, still, screenshot, screen capture, portrait (wd:P18 as p/wdt): image of relevant illustration of the subject; if available, als...tor map, flag image, signature image, logo image, collage image)
5. instance of, also known as unitary element of class, has type, unique individual of, type, item of type (wd:P31 as p/wdt): that class of which this subject is a particular example and mem...is a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform)
6. described by source, also known as mentioned in, source of item, reviewed in, mentioned in news article, talked about in (wd:P1343 as p/wdt): work where this item is described, attested in
7. main food source, also known as diet, eats, ecology (Fossilworks field  name), food plant, food source (wd:P1034 as p/wdt): species, genus or family that an organism depends on for nutrition
8. named after, also known as toponym, namesake, named in honor of, named for, etymology (wd:P138 as p/wdt): entity or event that inspired the subject's name, or namesake (i...fier "applies to name" (P5168) can be used to indicate which one
9. topic's main category, also known as article's main category, category, category for this topic, catmain, has category (wd:P910 as p/wdt): main Wikimedia category
10. this taxon is source of, also known as this taxon is the source of, this taxon is a source of, natural product, taxon is source of, secretes (wd:P1672 as p/wdt): links a taxon to natural products it produces. Note that it does...s may vary. Some products may be yielded by more than one taxon.

No other items found

[Assistant] The property "start time" (wdt:P580) seems relevant as it indicates the time an entity begins to exist. However, this property is usually used for events or specific instances, not for species or taxa. I will try searching for properties related to "origin" or "time" for the sperm whale entity.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. named after, also known as toponym, namesake, named in honor of, named for, etymology (wd:P138 as p/wdt): entity or event that inspired the subject's name, or namesake (i...fier "applies to name" (P5168) can be used to indicate which one
2. this taxon is source of, also known as this taxon is the source of, this taxon is a source of, natural product, taxon is source of, secretes (wd:P1672 as p/wdt): links a taxon to natural products it produces. Note that it does...s may vary. Some products may be yielded by more than one taxon.
3. start time, also known as start date, since, valid, join time, joined (wd:P580 as p/wdt): time an entity begins to exist or a statement starts being valid, point in time
4. described by source, also known as mentioned in, source of item, reviewed in, mentioned in news article, talked about in (wd:P1343 as p/wdt): work where this item is described, attested in
5. short name, also known as short title, shortname, abbreviation, shortened name, initialism (wd:P1813 as p/wdt): short name of a place, organisation, person, journal, wikidata property, etc. Used by some Wikipedia templates., name
6. instance of, also known as unitary element of class, has type, unique individual of, type, item of type (wd:P31 as p/wdt): that class of which this subject is a particular example and mem...is a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform)
7. subclass of, also known as rdfs:subClassOf, sort of, subcategory of, subgenre of, subtype of (wd:P279 as p/wdt): this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; ALL instances of ...stance of volcanic landform); Everest is an instance of mountain
8. image, also known as still capture, still, screenshot, screen capture, portrait (wd:P18 as p/wdt): image of relevant illustration of the subject; if available, als...tor map, flag image, signature image, logo image, collage image)
9. parent taxon, also known as higher taxon, taxon parent (wd:P171 as p/wdt): closest parent taxon of the taxon in question, subclass of
10. main food source, also known as diet, eats, ecology (Fossilworks field  name), food plant, food source (wd:P1034 as p/wdt): species, genus or family that an organism depends on for nutrition

No other items found

[Assistant] There is no direct property for the origin or first existence time of the sperm whale entity. Since sperm whales are a species, the information about their first existence might be linked to their taxonomic classification or fossil record. I will check if the sperm whale entity has a "taxon name" or "taxon rank" property and then look for any related fossil or first appearance information.

[Tool]
Got 793 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject                 | property                                       | object                                                                                |
| ----------------------- | ---------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| sperm whale (wd:Q81214) | instance of (wdt:P31)                          | taxon (wd:Q16521)                                                                            |
| sperm whale (wd:Q81214) | Commons category (wdt:P373)                    | Physeter macrocephalus                                                                       |
| sperm whale (wd:Q81214) | image (wdt:P18)                                | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Mother%20and%20baby%20sperm%20whale.jpg> |
| sperm whale (wd:Q81214) | subclass of (wdt:P279)                         | whale (wd:Q1865281)                                                                          |
| sperm whale (wd:Q81214) | parent taxon (wdt:P171)                        | Physeter (wd:Q3382003)                                                                       |
| sperm whale (wd:Q81214) | taxon name (wdt:P225)                          | Physeter macrocephalus                                                                       |
| sperm whale (wd:Q81214) | taxon rank (wdt:P105)                          | species (wd:Q7432)                                                                           |
| sperm whale (wd:Q81214) | short name (wdt:P1813)                         | P. macrocephalus (mul)                                                                       |
| sperm whale (wd:Q81214) | described by source (wdt:P1343)                | Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (wd:Q602358)                                     |
| sperm whale (wd:Q81214) | on focus list of Wikimedia project (wdt:P5008) | wd:Q6173448                                                                                |
| ...                     | ...                                            | ...                                                                                |

[Assistant] The sperm whale (wd:Q81214) is an instance of taxon (wd:Q16521) and has taxon rank species (wd:Q7432). It has a parent taxon Physeter (wd:Q3382003). There is no direct property indicating the first existence or fossil record in this list. I will now search for properties related to fossil record or first appearance for the sperm whale entity.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. Fossilworks taxon ID (wd:P842 as p/wdt): identifier for an animal, plant, or microorganism in the Fossilworks database
2. Paleobiology Database taxon ID, also known as PaleoBioDB ID, PaleoDB ID, PBDB ID (wd:P10907 as p/wdt): identifier for a fossil taxon in the Paleobiology Database
3. taxon rank, also known as taxonomic rank, type of taxon, rank (wd:P105 as p/wdt): level in a taxonomic hierarchy, instance of
4. main food source, also known as diet, eats, ecology (Fossilworks field  name), food plant, food source (wd:P1034 as p/wdt): species, genus or family that an organism depends on for nutrition
5. parent taxon, also known as higher taxon, taxon parent (wd:P171 as p/wdt): closest parent taxon of the taxon in question, subclass of
6. iNaturalist taxon ID (wd:P3151 as p/wdt): identifier in iNaturalist
7. taxon name, also known as correct name (ICNafp), Latin name of a taxon (deprecated), scientific name of a taxon, taxonomic name, valid name (ICZN) (wd:P225 as p/wdt): correct scientific name of a taxon (according to the reference given)
8. described by source, also known as mentioned in, source of item, reviewed in, mentioned in news article, talked about in (wd:P1343 as p/wdt): work where this item is described, attested in
9. this taxon is source of, also known as this taxon is the source of, this taxon is a source of, natural product, taxon is source of, secretes (wd:P1672 as p/wdt): links a taxon to natural products it produces. Note that it does...s may vary. Some products may be yielded by more than one taxon.
10. instance of, also known as unitary element of class, has type, unique individual of, type, item of type (wd:P31 as p/wdt): that class of which this subject is a particular example and mem...is a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform)

No other items found

[Assistant] There are identifiers for fossil databases like Fossilworks taxon ID (wd:P842) and Paleobiology Database taxon ID (wd:P10907) but no direct property for the first existence or fossil record date. I will check if the parent taxon Physeter (wd:Q3382003) has any information about first existence or fossil record.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. Fossilworks taxon ID (wd:P842 as p/wdt): identifier for an animal, plant, or microorganism in the Fossilworks database
2. taxon rank, also known as taxonomic rank, type of taxon, rank (wd:P105 as p/wdt): level in a taxonomic hierarchy, instance of
3. parent taxon, also known as higher taxon, taxon parent (wd:P171 as p/wdt): closest parent taxon of the taxon in question, subclass of
4. iNaturalist taxon ID (wd:P3151 as p/wdt): identifier in iNaturalist
5. taxon name, also known as correct name (ICNafp), Latin name of a taxon (deprecated), scientific name of a taxon, taxonomic name, valid name (ICZN) (wd:P225 as p/wdt): correct scientific name of a taxon (according to the reference given)
6. instance of, also known as unitary element of class, has type, unique individual of, type, item of type (wd:P31 as p/wdt): that class of which this subject is a particular example and mem...is a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform)
7. Microsoft Academic ID, also known as MS Academic ID, Microsoft ID, Microsoft Academic Work ID, Microsoft Academic topic ID, Microsoft Academic Source ID (wd:P6366 as p/wdtn/wdt): identifier for an object or topic in the Microsoft Academic Graph (until 31 December 2021)
8. GBIF taxon ID, also known as GBIF ID, Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID, taxonKey (wd:P846 as p/wdt): taxon identifier in GBIF
9. image, also known as still capture, still, screenshot, screen capture, portrait (wd:P18 as p/wdt): image of relevant illustration of the subject; if available, als...tor map, flag image, signature image, logo image, collage image)
10. start time, also known as start date, since, valid, join time, joined (wd:P580 as p/wdt): time an entity begins to exist or a statement starts being valid, point in time

No other items found

[Assistant] The parent taxon Physeter (wd:Q3382003) has a "start time" property (wd:P580) which might indicate when this taxon began to exist. I will query the value of this property for the parent taxon Physeter.

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| startTime                              |
| -------------------------------------- |
| -5300000-01-01T00:00:00 (xsd:dateTime) |

[Assistant] The parent taxon Physeter has a start time of approximately 5,300,000 years ago, which likely indicates when the first sperm whales existed. I will now formulate the final SPARQL query to retrieve this information and provide the answer.

[Tool] Stopped generation process


PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
SELECT ?character ?characterLabel ?spouse ?spouseLabel WHERE {
  ?character wdt:P26 ?spouse .
  ?spouse wdt:P31 wd:Q2035494 .
  ?character wdt:P31 wd:Q1621322 .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?character rdfs:label ?characterLabel FILTER ( LANG( ?characterLabel ) = "en" )
  }
  OPTIONAL {
    ?spouse rdfs:label ?spouseLabel FILTER ( LANG( ?spouseLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}

The swordfighter in The Lord of the Rings who married a half-elven and is known as a leader of the Rangers of the North is Aragorn.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] which swordfighter in the lord of the rings marry a half-elven and belong to rangers of the north?

[Assistant] Let's start by looking at some similar examples.

[Tool]
Example 1:
Question:
Who is the novelist of the work a song of ice and fire?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?uri WHERE {
  wd:Q45875 ?p ?uri .
  ?uri wdt:P106 wd:Q6625963 .
}

Using entities:
A Song of Ice and Fire, also known as A Song of Ice and Fire Series, Game of Thrones, Song of Ice and Fire, ASOIAF (wd:Q45875): series of epic fantasy novels by George R. R. Martin
novelist, also known as novel author, novel writer (wd:Q6625963): writer of novels

Using properties:
occupation, also known as job, work, vocation, profession, employment (wd:P106 as wdt): occupation of a person; see also "field of work" (Property:P101), "position held" (Property:P39)

[Assistant]
The question is about a swordfighter in "The Lord of the Rings" who married a half-elven and belonged to the Rangers of the North. Key points to identify are:
1. Swordfighter in "The Lord of the Rings"
2. Married a half-elven
3. Belonged to the Rangers of the North

Step 1: Identify the entity for "The Lord of the Rings."
Step 2: Identify the entity or concept for "Rangers of the North."
Step 3: Identify swordfighters related to "The Lord of the Rings."
Step 4: Check which of these swordfighters married a half-elven.

I will start by searching for the entity "Rangers of the North" in Wikidata to understand its representation.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Rangers of the North (wd:Q2292830): Human group from J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium
2. Rangers of the North: The Kingdom of Arthedain (wd:Q65058758)
3. Edinburgh, also known as Edina, Modern Athens, Edinburgh, Scotland, Edinburg, Dùn Èideann (wd:Q23436): capital city of Scotland, UK
4. Manchester, also known as Cottonopolis, Warehouse City, Manchester, UK, Manchester, Lancashire, Manchester, England (wd:Q18125): major city in Greater Manchester, England, UK
5. Walter Scott, also known as Somnambulus, The Great Unknown, Sir Walter Scott, Bart., Wizard of the North, Walter Skott (wd:Q79025): Scottish novelist, poet and playwright (1771–1832), short story writer, literary critic, musicologist, poet lawyer, translator, biographer, playwright, historian, novelist, linguist, lawyer, writer, judge, poet
6. Carl XII of Sweden, also known as Alexander of the North, Madman of the North, Charles XII, Carl XII von Holstein-Gottorp, King of Sweden (wd:Q52934): The fifth and last emperor of Sweden (1697–1718), military leader, monarch
7. Battle of Mogadishu, also known as Battle of Bakara Market, Day of the Rangers, Black Hawk Down (wd:Q52226): battle fought on 3 and 4 October 1993, in Mogadishu, Somalia
8. Nanook of the North (wd:Q918401): 1922 film by Robert J. Flaherty
9. Angel of the North, also known as The Angel of the North (wd:Q1325290): sculpture by Antony Gormley
10. Norm of the North (wd:Q16253705): 2016 film directed by Trevor Wall

[Assistant] The entity "Rangers of the North" is represented in Wikidata as wd:Q2292830. Next, I will search for swordfighters related to "The Lord of the Rings" who belong to the Rangers of the North. I will start by searching for swordfighters in "The Lord of the Rings."

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. The Lord of the Rings, also known as Lord of the Rings, LotR, TLotR (wd:Q15228): 1954–1955 fantasy novel trilogy by J. R. R. Tolkien
2. The Lord of the Rings trilogy, also known as Lord of the Rings, LotR, The Lord of the Rings (wd:Q190214): 2001-2003 three films directed by Peter Jackson
3. Sauron, also known as Necromancer, Mairon, Lord of the Rings, Aulendil, Gorthaur (wd:Q2281): fictional character from J.R.R. Tolkien's legendarium, fictional tyrant, necromancer
4. The Lord of the Rings, also known as Lord of the Rings (wd:Q378913): 1978 animated film by Ralph Bakshi
5. Lord of the Rings (wd:Q905691): stage musical
6. Lord of the Rings (wd:Q1194258): board game
7. Symphony No. 1 "The Lord of the Rings", also known as The Lord of the Rings (wd:Q268133): musical work; symphony in five movements composed by Johan de Meij
8. Themes of The Lord of the Rings (wd:Q7781266): Academic analyses of The Lord of the Rings
9. The Lord of the Rings (wd:Q3227050): 1981 British radio drama series
10. The Lord of the Rings (wd:Q3227049): 1979 radio series

[Assistant] I found the entity for "The Lord of the Rings" as wd:Q15228. Now I will search for swordfighters or characters who are swordfighters in "The Lord of the Rings." I will search for characters related to "The Lord of the Rings" who are swordfighters.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. International Fencing Federation fencer ID, also known as Fédération Internationale d'Escrime ID, FIE fencer ID, FIE ID, FIE identifier (wd:P2423 as prv/wdtn/prn/psv/pq/pqn/p/ps/psn/pqv/pr/wdt): Identifier in the database of all fencers holding an internation...al Fencing Federation (FIE: Fédération Internationale d'Escrime)
2. Russian Fencing Federation fencer ID, also known as FFR fencer ID, Rusfencing.ru (wd:P7092 as prv/wdtn/prn/psv/pq/pqn/p/ps/psn/pqv/pr/wdt): Russian Fencing Federation identifier
3. conflict, also known as war, theatre (military), theater (military), participated in conflict, military conflict (wd:P607 as prv/wdtn/prn/psv/pq/pqn/p/ps/psn/pqv/pr/wdt): battles, wars or other military engagements in which the person or item participated, participant in
4. European Fencing Confederation fencer ID, also known as EFC fencer ID, Eurofencing fencer ID (wd:P4475 as prv/wdtn/prn/psv/pq/pqn/p/ps/psn/pqv/pr/wdt): identifier on the European Fencing Confederation website
5. armament, also known as armed with, ship armament, weapon, wields (wd:P520 as prv/wdtn/prn/psv/pq/pqn/p/ps/psn/pqv/pr/wdt): equippable weapon item for the subject, has facility
6. dan/kyu rank, also known as go rank, wushu rank, shogi rank, renju rank, kendo rank (wd:P468 as prv/wdtn/prn/psv/pq/pqn/p/ps/psn/pqv/pr/wdt): rank system used in several board games (e.g. go, shogi, renju), martial arts (e.g. judo, kendo, wushu) and some other games
7. inverse property, also known as property opposite of, property inverse, opposite property, opponent, inverse of (wd:P1696 as prv/wdtn/prn/psv/pq/pqn/p/ps/psn/pqv/pr/wdt): links a property to its inverse property (which relates the subject and object in reverse order)
8. enemy, also known as opponent, rival, archvillain, archrival, archnemesis (wd:P7047 as prv/wdtn/prn/psv/pq/pqn/p/ps/psn/pqv/pr/wdt): opponent character or group of this fictive character or group, significant person
9. perpetrator, also known as robber, perpetrators, perpetrated by, perp, offender (wd:P8031 as prv/wdtn/prn/psv/pq/pqn/p/ps/psn/pqv/pr/wdt): person or organization who carried out this harmful, illegal, or immoral act, participant
10. name of the character role, also known as character named as, role named as, role name, name of the role, name of the character (wd:P4633 as prv/wdtn/prn/psv/pq/pqn/p/ps/psn/pqv/pr/wdt): name by which a character role is recorded in a database or ment...ably a specific performance of a theatrical production of a play, name

[Assistant] There is no direct property for "swordfighter." I will try to find characters in "The Lord of the Rings" who belong to the Rangers of the North (wd:Q2292830) and check if they married a half-elven. I will start by finding members of the Rangers of the North.

[Tool] Got no rows and 3 columns

[Assistant] The property P463 (member of) with object "Rangers of the North" (wd:Q2292830) returned no results. I will try another property to find members of the Rangers of the North. I will search for properties related to "member" or "belong" for the entity "Rangers of the North."

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. instance of, also known as unitary element of class, has type, unique individual of, type, item of type (wd:P31 as p/wdt): that class of which this subject is a particular example and mem...is a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform)
2. topic's main category, also known as article's main category, category, category for this topic, catmain, has category (wd:P910 as p/wdt): main Wikimedia category
3. Freebase ID, also known as Freebase, MID, Freebase identifier, FID (wd:P646 as p/wdt): identifier for a page in the Freebase database. Format: "/m/0" f...r IDs starting with "/g/", use Google Knowledge Graph ID (P2671)
4. from narrative universe, also known as from narrative, in continuity, from universe, in cycle, in world of (wd:P1080 as p/wdt): subject's fictional entity is in the object narrative. See also P1441 (present in work) and P1445 (fictional universe described in), part of
5. subclass of, also known as rdfs:subClassOf, sort of, subcategory of, subgenre of, subtype of (wd:P279 as p/wdt): this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; ALL instances of ...stance of volcanic landform); Everest is an instance of mountain
6. Tolkien Gateway ID, also known as TG ID (wd:P11935 as p/wdt): identifier for an article about the universe of Tolkien in the Tolkien Gateway website
7. Comic Vine ID, also known as ComicVine ID, Comic Vine identifier, ComicVine identifier (wd:P5905 as p/wdt): identifier at the Comic Vine database of comic books, fictional characters, people, films and television series/episodes

No other items found

[Assistant] There is no direct property indicating membership for the Rangers of the North. I will try to find characters who are known as Rangers of the North by searching for entities related to "Rangers of the North" and "character" or "person."

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Rangers of the North (wd:Q2292830): Human group from J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium
2. Rangers of the North: The Kingdom of Arthedain (wd:Q65058758)
3. The Characteristics of the Tudor North (wd:Q57690426): journal article; published in 1968
4. On the trail of the northern character (wd:Q129428037): scholarly article
5. Characteristic Vegetation of the North American Desert (wd:Q56149702)
6. Characteristics of the North American Flora 1 (wd:Q60420945)
7. Characteristics of the North American Flora 1 (wd:Q60413265): scientific article published in Nature
8. Geological characteristics of the Republic of North Macedonia (wd:Q125907581): scientific article published in 2021
9. Geophysical characteristics of the northern Cordillera (wd:Q124541814): scientific article published in 2021
10. Bottom character map of the northern Blake Plateau (wd:Q96631463): scientific article published in 1994

[Assistant] I found the entity for "Rangers of the North" (wd:Q2292830) but no direct character entities. I will now try to find characters who married a half-elven. I will search for the property "spouse" and check if any spouse is a half-elven.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. half-elven (wd:Q2035494): fictional people from J.R.R. Tolkien's legendarium
2. Tanis Half-Elven (wd:Q1061793): fictional character from Dragonlance, swordfighter, adventurer, warrior

[Assistant] The entity for "half-elven" is wd:Q2035494. I will now search for characters who have a spouse that is half-elven (wd:Q2035494) and check if they belong to the Rangers of the North (wd:Q2292830).

[Tool] Got no rows and 2 columns

[Assistant] There are no characters with a spouse who is half-elven (wd:Q2035494) and who belong to the Rangers of the North (wd:Q2292830) using property P463 (member of). Since membership property did not work, I will try to find characters who belong to the Rangers of the North by checking if they are instance of or subclass of Rangers of the North. I will search for characters who are instance of Rangers of the North.

[Tool] Got no rows and 2 columns

[Assistant] No characters are directly instance of Rangers of the North. I will try to find characters who are described as Rangers of the North by searching for characters with the phrase "Ranger of the North" in their description or label.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Rangers of the North (wd:Q2292830): Human group from J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium
2. Rangers of the North: The Kingdom of Arthedain (wd:Q65058758)
3. Edinburgh, also known as Edina, Modern Athens, Edinburgh, Scotland, Edinburg, Dùn Èideann (wd:Q23436): capital city of Scotland, UK
4. Manchester, also known as Cottonopolis, Warehouse City, Manchester, UK, Manchester, Lancashire, Manchester, England (wd:Q18125): major city in Greater Manchester, England, UK
5. Walter Scott, also known as Somnambulus, The Great Unknown, Sir Walter Scott, Bart., Wizard of the North, Walter Skott (wd:Q79025): Scottish novelist, poet and playwright (1771–1832), short story writer, literary critic, musicologist, poet lawyer, translator, biographer, playwright, historian, novelist, linguist, lawyer, writer, judge, poet
6. Carl XII of Sweden, also known as Alexander of the North, Madman of the North, Charles XII, Carl XII von Holstein-Gottorp, King of Sweden (wd:Q52934): The fifth and last emperor of Sweden (1697–1718), military leader, monarch
7. Nanook of the North (wd:Q918401): 1922 film by Robert J. Flaherty
8. Angel of the North, also known as The Angel of the North (wd:Q1325290): sculpture by Antony Gormley
9. Norm of the North (wd:Q16253705): 2016 film directed by Trevor Wall
10. Hyacinth of Poland, also known as St Hyacinth, Saint Hyacinthe, Apostle of the North, Saint Hyacinth (wd:Q8689031): Polish Dominican priest, missionary, preacher, cleric, canon

[Assistant] I found the entity for "Rangers of the North" but no direct character entities with that phrase. I will now try to find the swordfighter who married a half-elven by searching for characters who married a half-elven and then check if they are known as Rangers of the North. I will start by searching for characters who married a half-elven.

[Tool]
Got 5 rows and 4 columns:
| character               | characterLabel | spouse                     | spouseLabel       |
| ----------------------- | -------------- | -------------------------- | ----------------- |
| Eärendil (wd:Q593531)   | Eärendil (en)  | Elwing (wd:Q1750964)       | Elwing (en)       |
| Nimloth (wd:Q3341927)   | Nimloth (en)   | Dior Eluchíl (wd:Q1767102) | Dior Eluchíl (en) |
| Aragorn (wd:Q180322)    | Aragorn (en)   | Arwen (wd:Q206018)         | Arwen (en)        |
| Celebrían (wd:Q1643661) | Celebrían (en) | Elrond (wd:Q208426)        | Elrond (en)       |
| Elwing (wd:Q1750964)    | Elwing (en)    | Eärendil (wd:Q593531)      | Eärendil (en)     |

[Assistant] I found that Aragorn (wd:Q180322) married Arwen (wd:Q206018), who is half-elven (wd:Q2035494). Aragorn is a well-known character in "The Lord of the Rings" and is a swordfighter and leader of the Rangers of the North. I will now confirm that Aragorn belongs to the Rangers of the North (wd:Q2292830).

[Tool] False

[Assistant] Aragorn is not explicitly listed as a member of the Rangers of the North using property P463. I will try to check if Aragorn is described as a Ranger of the North by checking his instance or subclass or other properties.

[Tool]
Got 487 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject              | property                                        | object                                                           |
| -------------------- | ----------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Aragorn (wd:Q180322) | instance of (wdt:P31)                           | Middle-earth man (wd:Q1621322)                                   |
| Aragorn (wd:Q180322) | occupation (wdt:P106)                           | military leader (wd:Q1402561)                                    |
| Aragorn (wd:Q180322) | sex or gender (wdt:P21)                         | male (wd:Q6581097)                                               |
| Aragorn (wd:Q180322) | Commons category (wdt:P373)                     | Aragorn                                                          |
| Aragorn (wd:Q180322) | image (wdt:P18)                                 | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Aragorn.png> |
| Aragorn (wd:Q180322) | languages spoken, written or signed (wdt:P1412) | Sindarin (wd:Q56437)                                             |
| Aragorn (wd:Q180322) | child (wdt:P40)                                 | Eldarion (wd:Q1632303)                                           |
| Aragorn (wd:Q180322) | position held (wdt:P39)                         | King of the Reunited Kingdom (wd:Q16594772)                      |
| Aragorn (wd:Q180322) | creator (wdt:P170)                              | J. R. R. Tolkien (wd:Q892)                                       |
| Aragorn (wd:Q180322) | father (wdt:P22)                                | Arathorn II (wd:Q2068026)                                        |
| ...                  | ...                                             | ...                                                              |

[Assistant]
Aragorn is an instance of "Middle-earth man" and has the occupation "military leader." There is no direct property indicating membership in the Rangers of the North. However, Aragorn is known as a leader of the Rangers of the North in the lore. Since he married Arwen, who is half-elven, and is a swordfighter, he fits the description in the question.

I will now provide the final answer with the SPARQL query that confirms Aragorn married a half-elven and belongs to the Lord of the Rings characters.

[Tool] Stopped generation process


PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
SELECT ?company ?companyLabel ?inception WHERE {
  VALUES ?company {
    wd:Q2905359 wd:Q3821214
  }
  ?company wdt:P571 ?inception .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?company rdfs:label ?companyLabel FILTER ( LANG( ?companyLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}
ORDER BY ?inception

La Sportiva started earlier in 1928, while Black Diamond Equipment started later in 1989.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] which company started earlier, Black Diamond Equipment or la sportiva?

[Assistant] Let's start by looking at some similar examples.

[Tool] No examples found

[Assistant] There are no similar example queries available. Next, I will search for the entities "Black Diamond Equipment" and "La Sportiva" in Wikidata to identify their respective entity IDs.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Black Diamond Equipment (wd:Q2905359): Manufacturer of equipment for climbing, skiing, and mountain sports
2. anthracite, also known as black diamond, stone coal, Kilkenny coal, hard coal, crow coal (wd:Q182458): hard coal with a volatile component (gas) of less than 10 %
3. Black Diamond, also known as Black Diamond, Washington, Black Diamond, WA (wd:Q1191152): city in King County, Washington, United States
4. Black Diamond, also known as Black Diamond, FL, Black Diamond, Florida (wd:Q570406): census designated place in Citrus County, Florida, United States
5. carbonado, also known as black diamond (wd:Q429950): toughest form of natural diamond; it is an impure form of polycr...ne diamond consisting of diamond, graphite, and amorphous carbon
6. Black Diamond (wd:Q880216): former town in Alberta, Canada
7. Black Diamond, also known as Black Diamond (library), The Black Diamond (wd:Q1142174): modern waterfront extension to the Royal Danish Library's old building
8. The Black Diamond, also known as Black Diamond, Le Diamant noir (wd:Q20802174): 1922 film directed by André Hugon
9. Black Diamond (wd:Q784842): 2008 sophomore studio album by Buraka Som Sistema
10. Black Diamond (wd:Q3398877): Kiss song

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. La Sportiva (wd:Q3821214): Outdoor Sporting Goods Company
2. Sociedad Sportiva Argentina, also known as La Sportiva (wd:Q39081671): defunct sports club in Buenos Aires
3. La Domenica Sportiva (wd:Q3208328): Italian TV series or program
4. SS Lazio, also known as S.S. Lazio, SSLazio, S.S.Lazio, SSL, S.S.L. (wd:Q2609): football section of the sports club based in Rome, Lazio, Italy
5. Fiat Sportiva Latina (wd:Q50397322)
6. La Domenica Sportiva Estate (wd:Q114560708): Italian television program
7. La Sportiva Competition Award (wd:Q66761549)
8. Unione sportiva La Piemonte (wd:Q124297461): Italian institution in Torino
9. S.S. Lazio Marines, also known as Lazio Marines, Marines Lazio, Società Sportiva Lazio Marines, S.S. Lazio Marines AFT (wd:Q3963703): American football team based in Roma, Italy
10. Associazione Sportiva La Fratellanza 1874 (wd:Q100527922)

[Assistant]
I have identified the entities for the companies:
- Black Diamond Equipment: wd:Q2905359
- La Sportiva: wd:Q3821214

Next, I will search for the property related to the founding date or start date of these companies. I will search for properties related to "start date" or "founding date".

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. inception, also known as initial release date, founded in, founded on, founded on date, founding date (wd:P571 as prv/wdtn/prn/psv/pq/pqn/p/ps/psn/pqv/pr/wdt): time when an entity begins to exist; for date of official opening use P1619, start time
2. location of formation, also known as place of incorporation, originates from, place of establishment, place of formation, place of foundation (wd:P740 as prv/wdtn/prn/psv/pq/pqn/p/ps/psn/pqv/pr/wdt): location where a group or organization was formed, location of creation
3. date of incorporation, also known as date incorporated, incorporated, incorporated on date, incorporation date, year incorporated (wd:P10786 as prv/wdtn/prn/psv/pq/pqn/p/ps/psn/pqv/pr/wdt): date when company, organization or city was incorporated
4. notable work, also known as artwork, wrote, writer of, works, work (wd:P800 as prv/wdtn/prn/psv/pq/pqn/p/ps/psn/pqv/pr/wdt): notable scientific, artistic or literary work, or other work of significance among subject's works
5. founded by, also known as starter, co-founded by, started by, institutor, instituted by (wd:P112 as prv/wdtn/prn/psv/pq/pqn/p/ps/psn/pqv/pr/wdt): founder or co-founder of this organization, religion, place or entity, creator
6. foundational text, also known as main text, treaty, organic law, founding document, establishing document (wd:P457 as prv/wdtn/prn/psv/pq/pqn/p/ps/psn/pqv/pr/wdt): text through which an institution or object has been created or established
7. time of discovery or invention, also known as invented in, time of invention, time of discovery, invention time, invented on (wd:P575 as prv/wdtn/prn/psv/pq/pqn/p/ps/psn/pqv/pr/wdt): date or point in time when the item was discovered or invented
8. introduced on, also known as bill introduced on, introduction date, introduced date (wd:P9448 as prv/wdtn/prn/psv/pq/pqn/p/ps/psn/pqv/pr/wdt): date when a bill was introduced into a legislature, inception
9. start time, also known as start date, since, valid, join time, joined (wd:P580 as prv/wdtn/prn/psv/pq/pqn/p/ps/psn/pqv/pr/wdt): time an entity begins to exist or a statement starts being valid, point in time
10. earliest date, also known as no earlier than, terminus post quem, start date (earliest), on or after this date, minimum date (wd:P1319 as prv/wdtn/prn/psv/pq/pqn/p/ps/psn/pqv/pr/wdt): earliest date at which an event could have happened. Use as qualifier for other date properties

[Assistant] The most relevant property for the founding date of a company is "inception" (wdt:P571). I will now write a SPARQL query to get the inception dates of Black Diamond Equipment and La Sportiva and compare which company started earlier.

[Tool]
Got 2 rows and 3 columns:
| company                               | companyLabel                 | inception                           |
| ------------------------------------- | ---------------------------- | ----------------------------------- |
| La Sportiva (wd:Q3821214)             | La Sportiva (en)             | 1928-01-01T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) |
| Black Diamond Equipment (wd:Q2905359) | Black Diamond Equipment (en) | 1989-12-01T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) |

[Tool] Stopped generation process


PREFIX p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/>
PREFIX ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
SELECT ( COUNT( ?statement ) AS ?count ) WHERE {
  wd:Q110719 p:P39 ?statement .
  ?statement ps:P39 wd:Q18130478 .
}

Got 1 row and 1 column:
| count       |
| ----------- |
| 8 (xsd:int) |

Oskar Lafontaine was elected Member of the Landtag of Saarland 8 times.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] How many times was Oskar Lafontaine elected Member of the Landtag of Saarland?

[Assistant] Let's start by looking at some similar examples.

[Tool] No examples found

[Assistant] There are no similar examples found for this question. Next, I will search for the entity "Oskar Lafontaine" in Wikidata to get his identifier.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. attempted assassination of Oskar Lafontaine (wd:Q124305001)
2. Oscar I of Sweden, also known as Oscar I, Oskar, Oskar I (wd:Q52926): King of Sweden and Norway between 1844-1859, composer, monarch
3. Unsinkable Sam, also known as Oscar, Oskar (wd:Q893453): nickname of an alleged German ship's cat, ship's cat
4. Oskar Davičo, also known as Davičo, Oskar (wd:Q782418): Serbian writer (1909–1989), political commissar, journalist, writer, poet
5. Oskar, also known as Oskar (first name), Oskar (given name) (wd:Q18145769): male given name
6. Oskar (wd:Q12330497): 1962 film by Gabriel Axel
7. Lafontaine, also known as Lafontaine, KS, Lafontaine, Kansas (wd:Q16893891): human settlement in United States of America
8. Pierre Joseph Lafontaine, also known as M. Lafonteyne, M. La Fontaine, M. Lafontaine, M. De La Fontaine, Lafontene (wd:Q3385620): Belgian painter (1758-1835), art collector, painter
9. Lafontaine, also known as LaFontaine (wd:Q18043422): family name
10. LaFontaine (wd:Q3206243): provincial electoral district in Quebec, Canada

[Assistant] The search did not directly return the politician Oskar Lafontaine, but I will try searching for "Oskar Lafontaine politician" to get a more precise result.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. attempted assassination of Oskar Lafontaine (wd:Q124305001)
2. politician, also known as pol, political leader, polit., political figure (wd:Q82955): person who holds or seeks positions in government
3. Oscar I of Sweden, also known as Oscar I, Oskar, Oskar I (wd:Q52926): King of Sweden and Norway between 1844-1859, composer, monarch
4. Unsinkable Sam, also known as Oscar, Oskar (wd:Q893453): nickname of an alleged German ship's cat, ship's cat
5. Oskar Davičo, also known as Davičo, Oskar (wd:Q782418): Serbian writer (1909–1989), political commissar, journalist, writer, poet
6. Oskar, also known as Oskar (first name), Oskar (given name) (wd:Q18145769): male given name
7. Oskar (wd:Q12330497): 1962 film by Gabriel Axel
8. Lafontaine, also known as Lafontaine, KS, Lafontaine, Kansas (wd:Q16893891): human settlement in United States of America
9. Pierre Joseph Lafontaine, also known as M. Lafonteyne, M. La Fontaine, M. Lafontaine, M. De La Fontaine, Lafontene (wd:Q3385620): Belgian painter (1758-1835), art collector, painter
10. Lafontaine, also known as LaFontaine (wd:Q18043422): family name

[Assistant] The search still does not return the politician Oskar Lafontaine directly. I will try searching for "Oskar Lafontaine" without the politician keyword again and check if any of the results have a description related to a politician.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. attempted assassination of Oskar Lafontaine (wd:Q124305001)
2. Oscar I of Sweden, also known as Oscar I, Oskar, Oskar I (wd:Q52926): King of Sweden and Norway between 1844-1859, composer, monarch
3. Unsinkable Sam, also known as Oscar, Oskar (wd:Q893453): nickname of an alleged German ship's cat, ship's cat
4. Oskar Davičo, also known as Davičo, Oskar (wd:Q782418): Serbian writer (1909–1989), political commissar, journalist, writer, poet
5. Oskar, also known as Oskar (first name), Oskar (given name) (wd:Q18145769): male given name
6. Oskar (wd:Q12330497): 1962 film by Gabriel Axel
7. Lafontaine, also known as Lafontaine, KS, Lafontaine, Kansas (wd:Q16893891): human settlement in United States of America
8. Pierre Joseph Lafontaine, also known as M. Lafonteyne, M. La Fontaine, M. Lafontaine, M. De La Fontaine, Lafontene (wd:Q3385620): Belgian painter (1758-1835), art collector, painter
9. Lafontaine, also known as LaFontaine (wd:Q18043422): family name
10. LaFontaine (wd:Q3206243): provincial electoral district in Quebec, Canada

[Assistant] The entity for the politician Oskar Lafontaine is not directly found in the search results. I will try to find the Landtag of Saarland entity first and then search for members of this Landtag to see if Oskar Lafontaine is listed among them. This might help identify the correct entity for Oskar Lafontaine.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Landtag of Saarland (wd:Q260372): Parliament of the German federal state of Saarland
2. 1st Landtag of Saarland, also known as 1st legislative term of the Landtag of Saarland (wd:Q30547054): legislative term from 1947 to 1952
3. 11th Landtag of Saarland, also known as 11th legislative term of the Landtag of Saarland (wd:Q30547302): legislative term from 1994 to 1999
4. 12th Landtag of Saarland, also known as 12th legislative term of the Landtag of Saarland (wd:Q30547304): legislative term from 1999 to 2004
5. 10th Landtag of Saarland, also known as 10th legislative term of the Landtag of Saarland (wd:Q30547081): legislative term from 1990 to 1994
6. 17th Landtag of Saarland, also known as 17th legislative term of the Landtag of Saarland (wd:Q111716931): legislative term from 2022 to 2027 (expected)
7. 14th Landtag of Saarland, also known as 14th legislative term of the Landtag of Saarland (wd:Q30547309): legislative term from 2009 to 2012
8. 13th Landtag of Saarland, also known as 13th legislative term of the Landtag of Saarland (wd:Q30547307): legislative term from 2004 to 2009
9. 16th Landtag of Saarland, also known as 16th legislative term of the Landtag of Saarland (wd:Q30548671): legislative term from 2017 to 2022
10. 15th Landtag of Saarland, also known as 15th legislative term of the Landtag of Saarland (wd:Q27949660): legislative term from 2012 to 2017

[Assistant] The Landtag of Saarland is identified as wd:Q260372. Now I will search for members of this Landtag to see if Oskar Lafontaine is listed among them.

[Tool] Got no rows and 3 columns

[Assistant] The property P463 (member of an organization) with the object Landtag of Saarland did not return any results. I will try another property "position held" (P39) to find members of the Landtag of Saarland.

[Tool] Got no rows and 3 columns

[Assistant] The property "position held" (P39) with the object Landtag of Saarland did not return any results either. I will try to search for the property "member of the Landtag of Saarland" to see if there is a specific property for this position.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. abgeordnetenwatch.de politician ID, also known as abgeordnetenwatch.de politician identifier (wd:P5355 as prv/wdtn/prn/psv/pq/pqn/p/ps/psn/pqv/pr/wdt): identifier for a German politician, in the abgeordnetenwatch.de database
2. member of political party, also known as political party member, political party, party membership, party, member of party (wd:P102 as prv/wdtn/prn/psv/pq/pqn/p/ps/psn/pqv/pr/wdt): the political party of which a person is or has been a member or otherwise affiliated, member of
3. Tagesschau election ID (wd:P4247 as prv/wdtn/prn/psv/pq/pqn/p/ps/psn/pqv/pr/wdt): identifier of a parliamentary election in the elections archive on tagesschau.de
4. biography at the Bundestag of Germany URL, also known as biography at the Bundestag of Germany (wd:P1713 as prv/wdtn/prn/psv/pq/pqn/p/ps/psn/pqv/pr/wdt): link to the biography pages of the German parliament
5. biography at the Landtag of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, also known as Landtag of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern ID, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Landtag ID (wd:P3290 as prv/wdtn/prn/psv/pq/pqn/p/ps/psn/pqv/pr/wdt): link to the biography pages at the Landtag of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
6. lobbywatch.ch ID of a member of the Swiss parliament (wd:P8474 as prv/wdtn/prn/psv/pq/pqn/p/ps/psn/pqv/pr/wdt): identifier for a Swiss MP within lobbywatch.ch 's database
7. SA Parliament member ID, also known as South Australia Parliament member ID, South Australian Parliament member ID, Parliament of South Australia member ID, SA ID (wd:P11128 as prv/wdtn/prn/psv/pq/pqn/p/ps/psn/pqv/pr/wdt): identifier for an entry in the biographical register for former members of the Parliament of South Australia
8. Swiss parliament ID, also known as parlament.ch, Swiss parliament identifier, parliament.ch, parlement.ch, id parliament.ch (wd:P1307 as prv/wdtn/prn/psv/pq/pqn/p/ps/psn/pqv/pr/wdt): identifier for a member of the Swiss Parliament since 1848
9. electoral district, also known as riding, seat, ward, electoral area, electorate (wd:P768 as prv/wdtn/prn/psv/pq/pqn/p/ps/psn/pqv/pr/wdt): electoral district this person is representing, or of the office... or "office contested" (P541) or "candidacy in election" (P3602)
10. Bohemian Lands MP ID (wd:P11769 as prv/wdtn/prn/psv/pq/pqn/p/ps/psn/pqv/pr/wdt): ID in the database of all MPs elected to representative assemblies in the Bohemian lands 1848–1992

[Assistant] There is no specific property for "member of Landtag of Saarland" found. I will try to find the entity for Oskar Lafontaine by searching for "Oskar Lafontaine" in the context of German politicians or members of parliaments.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. German politician (wd:L330264-S1)
2. German Politicians (wd:Q119148688): painting by S. Young, St Albans Museums
3. Herman Gref, also known as German Oskarovich Gref (wd:Q465285): Russian economist, politician, economist, banker
4. attempted assassination of Oskar Lafontaine (wd:Q124305001)
5. 'German politicians break research pledge' (wd:Q60085599): scientific article published in Nature
6. German, also known as de, German language (wd:Q188): West Germanic language spoken mainly in Central Europe
7. politician, also known as pol, political leader, polit., political figure (wd:Q82955): person who holds or seeks positions in government
8. Oscar I of Sweden, also known as Oscar I, Oskar, Oskar I (wd:Q52926): King of Sweden and Norway between 1844-1859, composer, monarch
9. culture of Germany, also known as culture (Germany), culture in Germany, German, German culture, Germany culture (wd:Q1979615): pattern of human activity and symbolism associated with Germany and its people
10. Unsinkable Sam, also known as Oscar, Oskar (wd:Q893453): nickname of an alleged German ship's cat, ship's cat

[Assistant] The search did not return the specific entity for Oskar Lafontaine the politician. I will try a different approach by searching for the property "position held" (P39) for the entity "Oskar Lafontaine" to see if he held the position of Member of the Landtag of Saarland. But first, I need to find the correct entity for Oskar Lafontaine by searching for "Oskar Lafontaine" with a focus on people.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Oskar Person (wd:Q22696962): painter
2. Oskar Person (wd:Q93363960): graphic artist, draftsperson, painter
3. attempted assassination of Oskar Lafontaine (wd:Q124305001)
4. human, also known as human being, person, people, nonfictional human, non-fictional human (wd:Q5): any member of Homo sapiens, unique extant species of the genus Homo
5. person, also known as persons (wd:Q215627): being that has certain capacities or attributes constituting per...od (avoid use with P31 [instance of]; use Q5 [human] for humans)
6. Oscar I of Sweden, also known as Oscar I, Oskar, Oskar I (wd:Q52926): King of Sweden and Norway between 1844-1859, composer, monarch
7. grammatical person, also known as person (grammar), persons, person in grammar, person (wd:Q690940): grammatical category
8. grammatical person, also known as person, persons, person in grammar, person (grammar) (wd:Q690940): grammatical category
9. Unsinkable Sam, also known as Oscar, Oskar (wd:Q893453): nickname of an alleged German ship's cat, ship's cat
10. Oskar Davičo, also known as Davičo, Oskar (wd:Q782418): Serbian writer (1909–1989), political commissar, journalist, writer, poet

[Assistant] The search results do not show the politician Oskar Lafontaine directly. I will try to find Oskar Lafontaine by searching for the family name "Lafontaine" combined with the first name "Oskar" to see if that helps narrow down the entity.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. attempted assassination of Oskar Lafontaine (wd:Q124305001)
2. Oscar I of Sweden, also known as Oscar I, Oskar, Oskar I (wd:Q52926): King of Sweden and Norway between 1844-1859, composer, monarch
3. Unsinkable Sam, also known as Oscar, Oskar (wd:Q893453): nickname of an alleged German ship's cat, ship's cat
4. Oskar Davičo, also known as Davičo, Oskar (wd:Q782418): Serbian writer (1909–1989), political commissar, journalist, writer, poet
5. Oskar, also known as Oskar (first name), Oskar (given name) (wd:Q18145769): male given name
6. Oskar (wd:Q12330497): 1962 film by Gabriel Axel
7. Lafontaine, also known as Lafontaine, KS, Lafontaine, Kansas (wd:Q16893891): human settlement in United States of America
8. Pierre Joseph Lafontaine, also known as M. Lafonteyne, M. La Fontaine, M. Lafontaine, M. De La Fontaine, Lafontene (wd:Q3385620): Belgian painter (1758-1835), art collector, painter
9. Lafontaine, also known as LaFontaine (wd:Q18043422): family name
10. LaFontaine (wd:Q3206243): provincial electoral district in Quebec, Canada

[Assistant] The entity for the politician Oskar Lafontaine is still not directly found. I will try to find the entity by searching for the property "position held" (P39) with the object "Member of the Landtag of Saarland" or similar. I will first search for the entity "Member of the Landtag of Saarland" to get its identifier.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. member of the Landtag of Saarland (wd:Q18130478)
2. Member of the Landtag of Baden-Württemberg (wd:Q17481175)
3. member of the landtag of Vorarlberg (wd:Q87275062): elected representative in the Vorarlberg state parliament
4. member of the Landtag of Hesse, also known as member of the Hessian Parliament (wd:Q17519166)
5. member of the Landtag of Liechtenstein (wd:Q21328607)
6. member of the Landtag of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, also known as member of the Landtag of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (wd:Q18327349)
7. Member of the Landtag of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, also known as member of the Landtag of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (wd:Q18327349)
8. member of the Landtag of Salzburg (wd:Q23710976)
9. Member of the Landtag of Saxony (wd:Q17334379)
10. member of the Landtag of Saxony-Anhalt (wd:Q18559580)

[Assistant] The entity for "member of the Landtag of Saarland" is wd:Q18130478. Now I will try to find the property "position held" (P39) for the entity Oskar Lafontaine (I still need to find the correct entity for him) with the object wd:Q18130478 to see if he held this position. Since I don't have the entity for Oskar Lafontaine yet, I will try to find it by searching for entities that held the position wd:Q18130478.

[Tool]
Got 395 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject                       | property                | object                                           |
| ----------------------------- | ----------------------- | ------------------------------------------------ |
| Heiko Maas (wd:Q108447)       | position held (wdt:P39) | member of the Landtag of Saarland (wd:Q18130478) |
| Klaus Töpfer (wd:Q62889)      | position held (wdt:P39) | member of the Landtag of Saarland (wd:Q18130478) |
| Peter Müller (wd:Q62333)      | position held (wdt:P39) | member of the Landtag of Saarland (wd:Q18130478) |
| Simone Peter (wd:Q109979)     | position held (wdt:P39) | member of the Landtag of Saarland (wd:Q18130478) |
| Tobias Hans (wd:Q2437804)     | position held (wdt:P39) | member of the Landtag of Saarland (wd:Q18130478) |
| Anke Rehlinger (wd:Q556844)   | position held (wdt:P39) | member of the Landtag of Saarland (wd:Q18130478) |
| Jo Leinen (wd:Q63810)         | position held (wdt:P39) | member of the Landtag of Saarland (wd:Q18130478) |
| Reinhard Klimmt (wd:Q518645)  | position held (wdt:P39) | member of the Landtag of Saarland (wd:Q18130478) |
| Werner Klumpp (wd:Q87633)     | position held (wdt:P39) | member of the Landtag of Saarland (wd:Q18130478) |
| Johannes Hoffmann (wd:Q74242) | position held (wdt:P39) | member of the Landtag of Saarland (wd:Q18130478) |
| ...                           | ...                     | ...                                              |

[Assistant] There are 395 entities who held the position "member of the Landtag of Saarland". I will now filter these entities by the name "Oskar Lafontaine" to find his entity.

[Tool]
Got 2 rows and 1 column:
| person     |
| ---------- |
| wd:Q110719 |
| wd:Q110719 |

[Assistant] The entity for Oskar Lafontaine is wd:Q110719. Now I will count how many times Oskar Lafontaine was elected as a member of the Landtag of Saarland by counting the number of statements for the property "position held" (P39) with the object "member of the Landtag of Saarland" (wd:Q18130478) for this entity.

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| count       |
| ----------- |
| 8 (xsd:int) |

[Tool] Stopped generation process


PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
SELECT ?event ?eventLabel ?cause ?causeLabel WHERE {
  wd:Q430 wdt:P31 wd:Q16521 .
  wd:Q55811 rdfs:label ?eventLabel
  FILTER ( LANG( ?eventLabel ) = "en" ) .
  wd:Q55811 wdt:P828 ?cause .
  ?cause rdfs:label ?causeLabel
  FILTER ( LANG( ?causeLabel ) = "en" )
}

Dinosaurs (wd:Q430) went extinct due to the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction event (wd:Q55811), which is described as the extinction event ending the Mesozoic Era. The cause of this extinction event is the Chicxulub impactor (wd:Q5096573).

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] What happened to the dinosaurs ?

[Assistant] Let's start by looking at some similar examples.

[Tool] No examples found

[Assistant]
There are no direct example queries for the question "What happened to the dinosaurs?" in the knowledge graph.

The question is about the fate or extinction event of dinosaurs. We need to find information about the extinction of dinosaurs, which is commonly known as the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event.

Step 1: Identify the entity for "dinosaurs."
Step 2: Identify the property or event related to their extinction or what happened to them.

I will start by searching for the entity "dinosaur" in Wikidata.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. dinosaur, also known as dino, Dinosauria, dinosaurs (wd:Q430): clade of archosaurian reptiles (Archosauria)
2. Dinosaur, also known as Disney's Dinosaur (wd:Q476329): 2000 film by Ralph Zondag and Eric Leighton
3. Dinosaur, also known as Artesia, CO, Artesia, Colorado, Baxter Springs, Dinosaur, CO, Dinosaur, Colorado (wd:Q2076262): town in Moffat County, Colorado, United States
4. Dinosaur (wd:Q1649247): 1985 debut studio album by Dinosaur Jr.
5. Dinosaur (wd:Q3028453): 2010 song by Kesha
6. Dinosaur (wd:Q41911190): 2017 album by B'z
7. Dinosaur, also known as dinosaur, Dinosaur! (wd:Q3028451): ride at Disney's Animal Kingdom
8. Dinosaur (wd:Q2314996): King Crimson song
9. Dinosaur (wd:Q117388879): 2023 studio album by Theory of a Deadman
10. Dinosaur, also known as ダイナソア (wd:Q11316835): 1990 video game developed by Nihon Falcom

[Assistant]
The entity for "dinosaur" is wd:Q430, which represents the clade of archosaurian reptiles known as Dinosauria.

Next, I will search for properties related to "extinction" or "what happened" for this entity. I will search for properties of the entity dinosaur (wd:Q430) with the query "extinction".

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. temporal range end, also known as geologic time frame end, geologic time range end (wd:P524 as p): the end of a process such as a geological unit or extinction of a life form relative to the geologic time scale, end time
2. parent taxon, also known as higher taxon, taxon parent (wd:P171 as p/wdt): closest parent taxon of the taxon in question, subclass of
3. taxon name, also known as correct name (ICNafp), Latin name of a taxon (deprecated), scientific name of a taxon, taxonomic name, valid name (ICZN) (wd:P225 as p/wdt): correct scientific name of a taxon (according to the reference given)
4. taxon rank, also known as taxonomic rank, type of taxon, rank (wd:P105 as p/wdt): level in a taxonomic hierarchy, instance of
5. different from, also known as not to be confused with, to be distinguished from, similar to, see also, rejected match (wd:P1889 as p/wdt): item that is different from another item, with which it may be confused
6. mode of reproduction, also known as mode of biological reproduction (wd:P13318 as p/wdt): ways for living organisms to propagate or produce their offsprings
7. this taxon is source of, also known as this taxon is the source of, this taxon is a source of, natural product, taxon is source of, secretes (wd:P1672 as p/wdt): links a taxon to natural products it produces. Note that it does...s may vary. Some products may be yielded by more than one taxon.
8. Paleobiology Database taxon ID, also known as PaleoBioDB ID, PaleoDB ID, PBDB ID (wd:P10907 as p/wdt): identifier for a fossil taxon in the Paleobiology Database
9. significant event, also known as significant occurrence, significant incident, significant achievment, sign. event, outcome (wd:P793 as p): significant or notable events associated with the subject
10. instance of, also known as unitary element of class, has type, unique individual of, type, item of type (wd:P31 as p/wdt): that class of which this subject is a particular example and mem...is a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform)

No other items found

[Assistant]
The property "significant event" (wdt:P793) seems relevant as it can link the dinosaur entity to notable events, such as extinction.

I will now query for significant events related to dinosaurs (wd:Q430) to see if the extinction event is mentioned.

[Tool] Got no rows and 2 columns

[Assistant]
There are no significant events directly linked to the dinosaur entity (wd:Q430) using the property "significant event" (wdt:P793).

I will try another approach: I will search for the "Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event" entity, which is the known event that caused the extinction of the dinosaurs. Then I will check if this event is linked to dinosaurs.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction, also known as end-Cretaceous mass extinction, KTME, K-T mass extinction event, K-T mass extinction, K-T extinction event (wd:Q55811): extinction event ending the Mesozoic Era
2. Timeline of Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event research (wd:Q28231431): research timeline
3. extinction event, also known as biotic crisis, ELE, extinction-level event, mass extinction (wd:Q55814): widespread and rapid decrease in the amount of life on earth
4. Extinction Event (wd:Q132797197): short story by Eliza Clark
5. Roveacrinids (Crinoidea, Echinod...aleogene (K-Pg) extinction event (wd:Q58082902): scholarly article
6. Permian-Triassic mass extinction, also known as Late Permian mass extinction events, Permian-Triassic extinction, Permian-Triassic extinction event, Permian-Triassic mass extinction event, P–T extinction (wd:Q141118): mass extinction event at the end of the Permian Period approximately 250 million years ago
7. Ordovician–Silurian extinction event, also known as Late Ordovician mass extinction, LOME, end-Ordovician mass extinction (wd:Q1065985): mass extinction event at the end of the Ordovician period and th...lurian period in the Paleozoic era, around 444 million years ago
8. Triassic-Jurassic mass extinction, also known as Tr-J mass extinction event, Tr-J mass extinction, Tr-J extinction event, Tr-J extinction, Triassic-Jurassic mass extinction event (wd:Q835034): mass extinction at the end of the Triassic
9. Quaternary extinction event, also known as Late Quaternary Extinctions, LQE, Pleistocene-Holocene extinction, QME, Quaternary Megafauna Extinction (wd:Q1759232): mass extinction event, around 10000 BCE, marking the end of the ...ized to be caused by human hunting and/or natural climate change
10. Eocene–Oligocene extinction event, also known as Grande Coupure (wd:Q1542955): mass extinction

[Assistant]
The entity for the "Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction" is wd:Q55811. This is the extinction event that ended the Mesozoic Era and is known to have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs.

I will now check if dinosaurs (wd:Q430) are linked to this extinction event (wd:Q55811) using any property. I will look for statements where the subject is the dinosaur entity and the object is the extinction event entity.

[Tool] Got no rows and 3 columns

[Assistant]
There are no direct statements linking the dinosaur entity (wd:Q430) to the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event (wd:Q55811).

I will try the reverse direction: check if the extinction event entity (wd:Q55811) has statements linking it to dinosaurs (wd:Q430) or to the extinction of dinosaurs. I will list statements with the extinction event as the subject.

[Tool]
Got 331 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject                                          | property                                       | object                                                                  |
| ------------------------------------------------ | ---------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction (wd:Q55811) | instance of (wdt:P31)                          | extinction event (wd:Q55814)                                            |
| Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction (wd:Q55811) | Commons category (wdt:P373)                    | K/T Event                                                               |
| Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction (wd:Q55811) | image (wdt:P18)                                | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Impact%20event.jpg> |
| Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction (wd:Q55811) | described by source (wdt:P1343)                | wd:Q38103952                                                            |
| Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction (wd:Q55811) | on focus list of Wikimedia project (wdt:P5008) | wd:Q6173448                                                             |
| Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction (wd:Q55811) | different from (wdt:P1889)                     | Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (wd:Q682871)                              |
| Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction (wd:Q55811) | point in time (wdt:P585)                       | -66000000-01-01T00:00:00 (xsd:dateTime)                                 |
| Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction (wd:Q55811) | named after (wdt:P138)                         | Cretaceous (wd:Q44626)                                                  |
| Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction (wd:Q55811) | immediate cause of (wdt:P1536)                 | Paleogene (wd:Q55810)                                                   |
| Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction (wd:Q55811) | has cause (wdt:P828)                           | Chicxulub impactor (wd:Q5096573)                                        |
| ...                                              | ...                                            | ...                                                                     |

[Assistant]
The Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction (wd:Q55811) is an instance of an extinction event and has causes like the Chicxulub impactor. However, there is no direct statement linking it to dinosaurs in this list.

I will now check if there is a property linking the extinction event to the taxa or species affected. I will search for properties of the extinction event entity (wd:Q55811) with the query "affected" or "taxa".

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. has cause, also known as implied by, originated due to, initial cause, outcome of, reason (wd:P828 as p/wdt): underlying cause, entity that ultimately resulted in this effect, follows
2. immediate cause of, also known as is immediate cause of, immediate result, immediate outcome, immediate effect, has immediate result (wd:P1536 as p/wdt): immediate effect of this cause, followed by, has effect
3. point in time, also known as at time, as of, year, when, time of event (wd:P585 as p/wdt): date something took place, existed or a statement was true; for providing time use the "refine date" property (P4241)
4. described by source, also known as mentioned in, source of item, reviewed in, mentioned in news article, talked about in (wd:P1343 as p/wdt): work where this item is described, attested in
5. different from, also known as not to be confused with, to be distinguished from, similar to, see also, rejected match (wd:P1889 as p/wdt): item that is different from another item, with which it may be confused
6. image, also known as still capture, still, screenshot, screen capture, portrait (wd:P18 as p/wdt): image of relevant illustration of the subject; if available, als...tor map, flag image, signature image, logo image, collage image)
7. instance of, also known as unitary element of class, has type, unique individual of, type, item of type (wd:P31 as p/wdt): that class of which this subject is a particular example and mem...is a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform)
8. Freebase ID, also known as Freebase, MID, Freebase identifier, FID (wd:P646 as p/wdt): identifier for a page in the Freebase database. Format: "/m/0" f...r IDs starting with "/g/", use Google Knowledge Graph ID (P2671)
9. named after, also known as toponym, namesake, named in honor of, named for, etymology (wd:P138 as p/wdt): entity or event that inspired the subject's name, or namesake (i...fier "applies to name" (P5168) can be used to indicate which one

No other items found

[Assistant]
There is no direct property indicating the taxa or species affected by the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event.

I will now try to get a brief description or statement about what happened to dinosaurs from the entity dinosaur (wd:Q430) or the extinction event (wd:Q55811) using their descriptions or short statements.

I will query for the English description of the dinosaur entity.

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| description                                       |
| ------------------------------------------------- |
| clade of archosaurian reptiles (Archosauria) (en) |

[Assistant]
The description of the dinosaur entity (wd:Q430) is "clade of archosaurian reptiles (Archosauria)" which does not answer the question.

I will now query for the English description of the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction entity (wd:Q55811).

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| description                                   |
| --------------------------------------------- |
| extinction event ending the Mesozoic Era (en) |

[Assistant]
The description of the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction (wd:Q55811) is "extinction event ending the Mesozoic Era," which implies it is the event that caused the end of the dinosaurs' era.

To provide a more complete answer, I will also check if there is a statement about the cause of this extinction event. I see from the previous list that the property "has cause" (wdt:P828) is linked to the Chicxulub impactor (wd:Q5096573).

I will query for the label of the cause of the extinction event.

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| causeLabel              |
| ----------------------- |
| Chicxulub impactor (en) |

[Assistant]
The cause of the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction event is the Chicxulub impactor.

I now have enough information to answer the question: Dinosaurs went extinct due to the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction event, which was caused by the Chicxulub impactor.

I will provide this answer along with the relevant entities.

[Tool] Stopped generation process