PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>
PREFIX fb: <http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/>
SELECT DISTINCT ?position ?positionLabel WHERE {
  fb:m.02yy8 fb:government.politician.government_positions_held ?pos .
  ?pos fb:government.government_position_held.office_position_or_title ?position .
  ?pos fb:government.government_position_held.to ?to .
  FILTER ( ?to < "1933-03-04" ^^ xsd:date ) OPTIONAL {
    ?position rdfs:label ?positionLabel .
    FILTER ( lang( ?positionLabel ) = 'en' )
  }
}
ORDER BY DESC ( ?to )
LIMIT 1

Franklin D. Roosevelt's job before he became president was Governor of New York.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
freebase at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/freebase

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
fb: <http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/
fbkey: <http://rdf.freebase.com/key/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
schema: <http://schema.org/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geosparql: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] what was franklin d roosevelt's job before president?

[Assistant] Let's start by looking at some similar examples.

[Tool]
Example 1:
Question:
what jobs did ben franklin do?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  FILTER ( ?x != fb:m.019fz ) FILTER ( ! isLiteral( ?x ) || lang( ?x ) = '' || langMatches( lang( ?x ) , 'en' ) ) fb:m.019fz fb:people.person.profession ?x .
}

Using entities:
Benjamin Franklin, also known as Ben Franklin (fb:m.019fz): Benjamin Franklin was one of the Founding Fathers of the United ...s, with the scientific and tolerant values of the Enlightenment., Benjamin Franklin (1706  1790) was an inventor, publisher. scien...ng library in America and first fire department in Pennsylvania., has type U.S. Congressperson

Using properties:
Profession (fb:people.person.profession): links to type Profession, part of Person schema

Example 2:
Question:
who became president when roosevelt died in office?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  fb:m.060d2 fb:government.government_office_or_title.office_holders ?y1 .
  ?y1 fb:government.government_position_held.office_holder fb:m.02yy8 ; fb:government.government_position_held.to ?to .
  fb:m.060d2 fb:government.government_office_or_title.office_holders ?y2 .
  ?y2 fb:government.government_position_held.office_holder ?x ; fb:government.government_position_held.to ?from .
  FILTER ( xsd:dateTime ( ?from ) - xsd:dateTime ( ?to ) > 0 )
}
ORDER BY xsd:dateTime ( ?from )
LIMIT 1

Using entities:
Franklin D. Roosevelt, also known as Houdini In the White House, Franklin Roosevelt, Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, President Franklin D. Roosevelt (fb:m.02yy8): Franklin Delano Roosevelt, commonly known by his initials FDR, w...05, he married Eleanor Roosevelt, with whom he had six children., has type US President
President of the United States, also known as Commander in Chief, President of the United States of America (fb:m.060d2): The President of the United States of America is the elected hea...er or both houses of Congress under extraordinary circumstances., has type Government Office or Title

Using properties:
Office Holders (fb:government.government_office_or_title.office_holders): part of Government Office or Title schema, links to type Government Position Held
Officeholder (fb:government.government_position_held.office_holder): part of Government Position Held schema, links to type Politician
To (fb:government.government_position_held.to): part of Government Position Held schema, links to type Date/Time

Example 3:
Question:
what did barack obama do before he took office?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  {
    SELECT ?pFrom WHERE {
      fb:m.02mjmr fb:government.politician.government_positions_held ?y .
      ?y fb:government.government_position_held.office_position_or_title ?x ; fb:government.government_position_held.basic_title fb:m.060c4 ; fb:government.government_position_held.from ?pFrom .
    }
  }
  fb:m.02mjmr fb:government.politician.government_positions_held ?y .
  ?y fb:government.government_position_held.office_position_or_title ?x ; fb:government.government_position_held.from ?from .
  FILTER ( xsd:dateTime ( ?pFrom ) - xsd:dateTime ( ?from ) > 0 )
}

Using entities:
Barack Obama, also known as President Obama, President Barack Obama, President Barack Hussein Obama II, President Barack H. Obama, Obama (fb:m.02mjmr): Barack Hussein Obama II is the 44th and current President of the...mocratic Party primaries to receive the presidential nomination., Barack Hussein Obama II (/bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn oʊˈbɑːmə/; born Augus...ting the 13th District in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004., has type US President
President, also known as Chairman (fb:m.060c4): A president is the leader of a country or a division or part of ...publics, semi-presidential republics or parliamentary republics., has type Fictional job title

Using properties:
Basic title (fb:government.government_position_held.basic_title): links to type Government office category, part of Government Position Held schema
From (fb:government.government_position_held.from): part of Government Position Held schema, links to type Date/Time
Office, position, or title (fb:government.government_position_held.office_position_or_title): links to type Government Office or Title, part of Government Position Held schema
Government Positions Held (fb:government.politician.government_positions_held): links to type Government Position Held, part of Politician schema

[Assistant]
From the examples, it seems that the property fb:people.person.profession or the property related to government positions held (fb:government.politician.government_positions_held) can be useful to find the job or position held by Franklin D. Roosevelt before he was president.

Next, I will search for the entity Franklin D. Roosevelt in the freebase knowledge graph to get its identifier.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Franklin D. Roosevelt, also known as Houdini In the White House, Franklin Roosevelt, Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, President Franklin D. Roosevelt (fb:m.02yy8): Franklin Delano Roosevelt, commonly known by his initials FDR, w...05, he married Eleanor Roosevelt, with whom he had six children., has type US President
2. Franklin D. Roosevelt, also known as Franklin D. Roosevelt, Paris (fb:m.02h_t7): Franklin D. Roosevelt is a station of the Paris Métro serving bo...elt is the fourteenth busiest station in the Paris Métro system., has type Transit Stop
3. Franklin Roosevelt, also known as President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Roosevelt, Ruzvelt, Voice of Franklin Delano Roosevelt (fb:m.0kdxy8v): Franklin Roosevelt  is a fictional character from the 2012 film A Christmas Story 2., Fictional representation of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt., has type Film character
4. Franklin D. Roosevelt (fb:m.06s5wnm): Franklin D. Roosevelt is a serialized work written by Frank Burt Freidel., has type Book
5. Franklin D. Roosevelt (fb:m.0c8h4p1): has type Book Edition
6. Franklin D. Roosevelt D'Alesandro, also known as Roosie (fb:m.0vn1kft): Franklin D. Roosevelt D'Alesandro was the brother of Nancy Pelosi., has type Deceased Person
7. Franklin D Roosevelt (fb:m.0760h6t): has type School
8. Franklin D Roosevelt (fb:m.076lbz2): has type School
9. Franklin D Roosevelt (fb:m.076gshf): has type School
10. Franklin D Roosevelt (fb:m.076l0x7): has type School

[Assistant] The entity for Franklin D. Roosevelt as the US President is fb:m.02yy8. Now I will search for the properties related to jobs or professions for this entity to find the relevant property that can tell us his job before he became president.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. Profession (fb:people.person.profession): links to type Profession, part of Person schema
2. Employment history (fb:people.person.employment_history): links to type Employment tenure, part of Person schema
3. Name (fb:type.object.name): part of Object schema, links to type Text
4. Country of nationality (fb:people.person.nationality): part of Person schema, links to type Country
5. Condition (fb:medicine.notable_person_with_medical_condition.condition): part of Public figure with medical condition schema, links to type Disease or medical condition
6. Appointees (fb:government.political_appointer.appointees): links to type Government Position Held, part of Political Appointer schema
7. Place of birth (fb:people.person.place_of_birth): links to type Location, part of Person schema
8. Date of birth (fb:people.person.date_of_birth): links to type Date/Time, part of Person schema
9. Member of (fb:organization.organization_member.member_of): links to type Organization membership, part of Organization member schema
10. Gender (fb:people.person.gender): part of Person schema, links to type Gender

No other items found

[Assistant] The properties "Profession" (fb:people.person.profession) and "Employment history" (fb:people.person.employment_history) seem relevant to find Franklin D. Roosevelt's job before he became president. I will now query the professions of Franklin D. Roosevelt to see if it includes his job before presidency.

[Tool]
Got 5 rows and 2 columns:
| profession                     | professionLabel       |
| ------------------------------ | --------------------- |
| Lawyer (fb:m.04gc2)            | Lawyer (en)           |
| Soldier (fb:m.099md)           | Soldier (en)          |
| Corporate lawyer (fb:m.09spnh) | Corporate lawyer (en) |
| Writer (fb:m.0cbd2)            | Writer (en)           |
| Politician (fb:m.0fj9f)        | Politician (en)       |

[Assistant] Franklin D. Roosevelt had professions including Lawyer, Soldier, Corporate lawyer, Writer, and Politician. To find his job immediately before becoming president, I will check his employment history to see if it provides a timeline or specific roles he held before presidency.

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 2 columns:
| employment   | employmentLabel |
| ------------ | --------------- |
| fb:m.0w7ntcv |                 |

[Assistant] There is one employment history entry (fb:m.0w7ntcv) for Franklin D. Roosevelt. I will now explore this employment entity to find out what job or position it represents.

[Tool]
Got 5 rows and 3 columns:
| subject      | property                                         | object                                                |
| ------------ | ------------------------------------------------ | ----------------------------------------------------- |
| fb:m.0w7ntcv | Type (fb:type.object.type)                       | Employment tenure (fb:business.employment_tenure)     |
| fb:m.0w7ntcv | Person (fb:business.employment_tenure.person)    | Franklin D. Roosevelt (fb:m.02yy8)                    |
| fb:m.0w7ntcv | Employer (fb:business.employment_tenure.company) | Federal government of the United States (fb:m.01bqks) |
| fb:m.0w7ntcv | Title (fb:business.employment_tenure.title)      | President (fb:m.0ynx29_)                              |
| fb:m.0w7ntcv | rdf:type                                         | Employment tenure (fb:business.employment_tenure)     |

[Assistant]
The employment history entry fb:m.0w7ntcv corresponds to Franklin D. Roosevelt's position as President of the United States. This is his presidential job, but we want to find his job before he became president.

I will now check the government positions held by Franklin D. Roosevelt to find his previous political offices before presidency.

[Tool]
Got 4 rows and 4 columns:
| position                                      | positionLabel                        | from                  | to                    |
| --------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------ | --------------------- | --------------------- |
| New York State Senator (fb:m.04kz0b7)         | New York State Senator (en)          | 1911-01-01 (xsd:date) | 1913-03-17 (xsd:date) |
| Assistant Secretary of the Navy (fb:m.03whjr) | Assistant Secretary of the Navy (en) | 1913-03-17 (xsd:date) | 1920-08-26 (xsd:date) |
| Governor of New York (fb:m.02_w_r9)           | Governor of New York (en)            | 1929-01-01 (xsd:date) | 1932-12-31 (xsd:date) |
| President of the United States (fb:m.060d2)   | President of the United States (en)  | 1933-03-04 (xsd:date) | 1945-04-12 (xsd:date) |

[Assistant]
Franklin D. Roosevelt held several positions before becoming President of the United States in 1933. His positions before presidency were:
- New York State Senator from 1911 to 1913
- Assistant Secretary of the Navy from 1913 to 1920
- Governor of New York from 1929 to 1932

The job immediately before he became president was Governor of New York. I will now finalize the answer with this information.

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=done):
The SPARQL query correctly retrieves Franklin D. Roosevelt's government position held before he became president by filtering positions that ended before his presidential term started in 1933. The query returns the position identifier and its English label, which is 'Governor of New York'. This matches the provided answer and is accurate and complete. No further refinement is needed.


PREFIX fb: <http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/>
SELECT DISTINCT ?zipCode WHERE {
  fb:m.0fvxz fb:location.citytown.postal_codes ?zipCode .
}

The zip codes for Trenton, New Jersey are 08628, 08618, 08638, 08610, 08619, 08605, 08604, 08603, 08602, and 08601 among others.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
freebase at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/freebase

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
fb: <http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/
fbkey: <http://rdf.freebase.com/key/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
schema: <http://schema.org/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geosparql: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] what is the zip code for trenton?

[Assistant] Let's start by looking at some similar examples.

[Tool]
Example 1:
Question:
what is the zip code for trenton ga?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  FILTER ( ?x != fb:m.0fvxz ) FILTER ( ! isLiteral( ?x ) || lang( ?x ) = '' || langMatches( lang( ?x ) , 'en' ) ) fb:m.0fvxz fb:location.citytown.postal_codes ?x .
}

Using entities:
Trenton, also known as Trenton, NJ, Trenton, New Jersey, Mercer County / Trenton city (fb:m.0fvxz): Trenton is the capital city of the U.S. state of New Jersey and ...Trenton was formed within Trenton Township on November 13, 1792., has type City/Town/Village

Using properties:
Postal codes (fb:location.citytown.postal_codes): part of City/Town/Village schema, links to type Postal Code

Example 2:
Question:
what is the zip code for trenton ohio?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  FILTER ( ?x != fb:m.0ytcc ) FILTER ( ! isLiteral( ?x ) || lang( ?x ) = '' || langMatches( lang( ?x ) , 'en' ) ) fb:m.0ytcc fb:location.citytown.postal_codes ?x .
}

Using entities:
Trenton, also known as Butler County / Trenton city, Trenton, Ohio (fb:m.0ytcc): Trenton is a city in northeastern Butler County, Ohio, United St...in Wayne Township. The population was 11,869 at the 2010 census., has type City/Town/Village

Using properties:
Postal codes (fb:location.citytown.postal_codes): part of City/Town/Village schema, links to type Postal Code

Example 3:
Question:
what is zip code for davenport iowa?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  FILTER ( ?x != fb:m.02d6c ) FILTER ( ! isLiteral( ?x ) || lang( ?x ) = '' || langMatches( lang( ?x ) , 'en' ) ) fb:m.02d6c fb:location.citytown.postal_codes ?x .
}

Using entities:
Davenport, also known as Davenport, Iowa, Scott County / Davenport city (fb:m.02d6c): Davenport is the largest city located along the Mississippi Rive... frequent flooding due to its location on the Mississippi River., has type City/Town/Village

Using properties:
Postal codes (fb:location.citytown.postal_codes): part of City/Town/Village schema, links to type Postal Code

[Assistant] From the examples, it seems that the entity for the city Trenton can be found and the property for postal codes is fb:location.citytown.postal_codes. I will first search for the entity Trenton to identify the correct entity for the city Trenton.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Trenton, also known as Trenton, NJ, Trenton, New Jersey, Mercer County / Trenton city (fb:m.0fvxz): Trenton is the capital city of the U.S. state of New Jersey and ...Trenton was formed within Trenton Township on November 13, 1792., has type City/Town/Village
2. Trenton, also known as Trenton, Michigan, Wayne County / Trenton city (fb:m.0vry4): Trenton is a small city in Wayne County in the southeast portion...m and was the first county park in Michigan, designated in 1919., has type City/Town/Village
3. Trenton, also known as Gilchrist County / Trenton city, Trenton, Florida (fb:m.0rksn): Trenton is a city in Gilchrist County, Florida, United States. T... as of April 1, 2008. It is the county seat of Gilchrist County., has type City/Town/Village
4. Trenton, also known as Trenton, Illinois, Clinton County / Trenton city (fb:m.0s4bc): Trenton is a town in Clinton County, Illinois, United States. The population was 3,184 at the 2010 census., has type City/Town/Village
5. Trenton, also known as Cache County / Trenton town, Trenton, Utah (fb:m.010dk_): Trenton is a town in Cache County, Utah, United States. The popu...included in the Logan, Utah-Idaho Metropolitan Statistical Area., has type City/Town/Village
6. Trenton, also known as Gibson County / Trenton city, Trenton, Tennessee (fb:m.0_txt): Trenton is a city in Gibson County, Tennessee. The population wa...is the county seat of Gibson County, and its third largest city., has type City/Town/Village
7. Trenton, also known as Dade County / Trenton city, Trenton, Georgia (fb:m.0rvq2): Trenton is a city in Dade County, Georgia, United States. Founde...50MPH hit the city, causing significant damage and loss of life., has type City/Town/Village
8. Trenton, also known as Edgefield County / Trenton town, Trenton, South Carolina (fb:m.0_lhg): Trenton is a town in Edgefield County, South Carolina, United St...00 census. It is part of the Augusta, Georgia metropolitan area., has type City/Town/Village
9. Trenton, also known as Trenton, Texas, Fannin County / Trenton city (fb:m.010123): Trenton is a city in Fannin County, Texas, United States. The population was 635 at the 2010 census., has type City/Town/Village
10. Trenton, also known as Butler County / Trenton city, Trenton, Ohio (fb:m.0ytcc): Trenton is a city in northeastern Butler County, Ohio, United St...in Wayne Township. The population was 11,869 at the 2010 census., has type City/Town/Village

[Assistant] There are multiple cities named Trenton. The most likely one the user refers to is Trenton, New Jersey (fb:m.0fvxz), which is the capital city of the U.S. state of New Jersey. I will now query the postal codes for this entity using the property fb:location.citytown.postal_codes.

[Tool]
Got 27 rows and 1 column, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| zipCode              |
| -------------------- |
| 08628 (fb:m.0206ng_) |
| 08618 (fb:m.0206njw) |
| 08638 (fb:m.0206nlg) |
| 08610 (fb:m.0206qfx) |
| 08619 (fb:m.0206qgw) |
| ...                  |
| 08605 (fb:m.07nrtpr) |
| 08604 (fb:m.07nrtpz) |
| 08603 (fb:m.07nrtq5) |
| 08602 (fb:m.07nrtqd) |
| 08601 (fb:m.07nrtqm) |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=done):
The system correctly identified the entity for Trenton and used the appropriate property to retrieve postal codes. The SPARQL query returns multiple zip codes associated with Trenton, which matches the expected answer. The answer is comprehensive and includes several zip codes, reflecting the multiple postal codes for the city. The query and answer are accurate and complete for the user's question.


PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX fb: <http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/>
SELECT DISTINCT ?profession ?professionLabel WHERE {
  fb:m.0dq5yyl fb:people.person.profession ?profession .
  ?profession rdfs:label ?professionLabel .
  FILTER ( lang( ?professionLabel ) = "en" )
}

Got 1 row and 2 columns:
| profession            | professionLabel |
| --------------------- | --------------- |
| Musician (fb:m.09jwl) | Musician (en)   |

Romo is a musician by profession.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
freebase at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/freebase

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
fb: <http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/
fbkey: <http://rdf.freebase.com/key/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
schema: <http://schema.org/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geosparql: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] what did romo do?

[Assistant] Let's start by looking at some similar examples.

[Tool]
Example 1:
Question:
what university did tony romo go to?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  FILTER ( ?x != fb:m.097yk7 ) FILTER ( ! isLiteral( ?x ) || lang( ?x ) = '' || langMatches( lang( ?x ) , 'en' ) ) fb:m.097yk7 fb:people.person.education ?y .
  ?y fb:education.education.institution ?x .
  ?x fb:common.topic.notable_types fb:m.01y2hnl .
}

Using entities:
College/University, also known as College, University (fb:m.01y2hnl): The College/University type is used for institutions that offer ...mation, please see the Freebase wiki page on College/University.
Tony Romo, also known as Antonio Ramiro Romo, Antonio Ramiro "Tony" Romo (fb:m.097yk7): Antonio Ramiro "Tony" Romo is an American football quarterback f...passer rating than any other NFL quarterback in the 4th quarter., has type American football player

Using properties:
Notable types (fb:common.topic.notable_types): part of Topic schema, links to type Type
Institution (fb:education.education.institution): links to type Educational Institution, part of Education schema
Education (fb:people.person.education): links to type Education, part of Person schema

Example 2:
Question:
where did sergio romo go to college?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  FILTER ( ?x != fb:m.04cyz8g ) FILTER ( ! isLiteral( ?x ) || lang( ?x ) = '' || langMatches( lang( ?x ) , 'en' ) ) fb:m.04cyz8g fb:people.person.education ?y .
  ?y fb:education.education.institution ?x .
  ?x fb:common.topic.notable_types fb:m.01y2hnl .
}

Using entities:
College/University, also known as College, University (fb:m.01y2hnl): The College/University type is used for institutions that offer ...mation, please see the Freebase wiki page on College/University.
Sergio Romo (fb:m.04cyz8g): Sergio Francisco Romo is a Mexican-American professional basebal... clinching games of the NL Division Series and the World Series., has type Baseball Player

Using properties:
Notable types (fb:common.topic.notable_types): part of Topic schema, links to type Type
Institution (fb:education.education.institution): links to type Educational Institution, part of Education schema
Education (fb:people.person.education): links to type Education, part of Person schema

Example 3:
Question:
who is tony romo engaged to?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  FILTER ( ?x != fb:m.097yk7 ) FILTER ( ! isLiteral( ?x ) || lang( ?x ) = '' || langMatches( lang( ?x ) , 'en' ) ) fb:m.097yk7 fb:people.person.spouse_s ?y .
  ?y fb:people.marriage.spouse ?x .
  ?y fb:people.marriage.type_of_union fb:m.04ztj .
  FILTER ( NOT EXISTS {
    ?y fb:people.marriage.from ?sk0
  }
  || EXISTS {
    ?y fb:people.marriage.from ?sk1 .
    FILTER ( xsd:datetime ( ?sk1 ) <= "2015-08-10" ^^ xsd:dateTime )
  }
  ) FILTER ( NOT EXISTS {
    ?y fb:people.marriage.to ?sk2
  }
  || EXISTS {
    ?y fb:people.marriage.to ?sk3 .
    FILTER ( xsd:datetime ( ?sk3 ) >= "2015-08-10" ^^ xsd:dateTime )
  }
  )
}

Using entities:
Marriage, also known as Matrimony, Wedlock (fb:m.04ztj): Marriage, also called matrimony or wedlock, is a socially or rit...of concerns for women's rights and because of international law., has type Religious Practice
Tony Romo, also known as Antonio Ramiro Romo, Antonio Ramiro "Tony" Romo (fb:m.097yk7): Antonio Ramiro "Tony" Romo is an American football quarterback f...passer rating than any other NFL quarterback in the 4th quarter., has type American football player

Using properties:
From (fb:people.marriage.from): links to type Date/Time, part of Marriage schema
Spouse (fb:people.marriage.spouse): part of Marriage schema, links to type Person
To (fb:people.marriage.to): links to type Date/Time, part of Marriage schema
Type of union (fb:people.marriage.type_of_union): links to type Marriage/union type, part of Marriage schema
Spouse (or domestic partner) (fb:people.person.spouse_s): links to type Marriage, part of Person schema

[Assistant]
The examples found are related to "Romo" as a person, specifically Tony Romo and Sergio Romo, and they focus on what they did in terms of education or relationships. To answer the question "what did romo do?" we need to identify which Romo is meant and what kind of activity or occupation is being asked about.

Step 1: Identify "Romo" as an entity in the knowledge graph.
Step 2: Find properties related to what "Romo" did, such as occupation, profession, or notable activities.

I will start by searching for entities named "Romo" to identify possible candidates.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Rømø, also known as Rømø, Denmark (fb:m.05_gkj): Rømø is a Danish island in the Wadden Sea. Rømø is part of Tønde...any and was part of the Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein., has type Geographical Feature
2. Romo, also known as Romo (fb:m.0dq5yyl): has type Musical Artist, Romo is a musician.
3. Bill Romanowski, also known as Romo, William Thomas Romanowski (fb:m.03rsd2): William Thomas "Bill" Romanowski is a former American football p...n 1996 and 1998, both during his tenure with the Denver Broncos., has type American football player
4. Romo (fb:m.011sg4_6): has type Film
5. Romo (fb:m.05_m_y): Romantic Modernism, more commonly known as Romo, was a musical a...e orientated club nights which would continue through the 2000s., has type Musical genre
6. Romo (fb:m.0p97c1z): Romo is a fictional character from the 1937 film Jim Hanvey, Detective., has type Film character
7. Romo (fb:m.09ntqyn): has type Fictional Character
8. RoMo (fb:m.05k6897): has type School mascot
9. RoMo (fb:m.05ghys2): has type Mascot
10. Daniela Romo, also known as Romo, Daniela, Teresa Presmanes Corona (fb:m.01p3wsp): Daniela Romo is a Mexican singer, actress and TV hostess. Her pa...s for inspiring her to become an actress and a recording artist., has type Musical Artist

[Assistant]
There are multiple entities named "Romo" including a musical artist, a film, fictional characters, and people with the surname Romo. The most relevant entities that could answer "what did Romo do?" in a general sense are likely the persons or artists named Romo.

To narrow down, I will check the properties of the entity "Romo" that is a musical artist (fb:m.0dq5yyl) to see what kind of activities or occupations are associated with this entity.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. Date of birth (fb:people.person.date_of_birth): links to type Date/Time, part of Person schema
2. Name (fb:type.object.name): part of Object schema, links to type Text
3. Profession (fb:people.person.profession): links to type Profession, part of Person schema
4. Type (fb:type.object.type): part of Object schema, links to type Type
5. Member of (fb:music.group_member.membership): links to type Musical Group Membership, part of Musician schema
6. Key (fb:type.object.key): part of Object schema, links to type Key
7. Description (fb:common.topic.description): part of Topic schema, links to type Text
8. Also known as (fb:common.topic.alias): part of Topic schema, links to type Text
9. Has value (fb:freebase.valuenotation.has_value): part of Value Notation schema, links to type Property
10. Recordings (fb:music.featured_artist.recordings): links to type Musical Recording, part of Featured artist schema

No other items found

[Assistant]
For the musical artist Romo (fb:m.0dq5yyl), relevant properties that describe what Romo did include "Profession" (fb:people.person.profession), "Member of" (fb:music.group_member.membership), and "Recordings" (fb:music.featured_artist.recordings).

I will now query the professions and memberships of this Romo entity to understand what Romo did.

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 4 columns:
| profession            | professionLabel | membership   | membershipLabel |
| --------------------- | --------------- | ------------ | --------------- |
| Musician (fb:m.09jwl) | Musician (en)   | fb:m.0drxyv_ |                 |

[Assistant]
The musical artist Romo is identified as a "Musician" by profession. There is also a membership property but it does not have a label in the result.

To provide a more complete answer, I will also check the description of Romo (fb:m.0dq5yyl) to see if there is additional information about what Romo did.

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| description              |
| ------------------------ |
| Romo is a musician. (en) |

[Assistant]
Romo is described simply as a musician. Based on the information found, Romo did work as a musician.

I will now finalize the answer with this information.

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=done):
The SPARQL query correctly retrieves the profession of Romo, which is 'Musician'. The query uses the appropriate property 'fb:people.person.profession' and filters for English labels. The answer 'Romo is a musician by profession' accurately reflects the query result. The output is clear, concise, and directly answers the question 'what did Romo do?'. No further refinement is necessary.


PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX fb: <http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/>
SELECT DISTINCT ?language ?languageLabel WHERE {
  fb:m.0chghy fb:location.country.languages_spoken ?language .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?language rdfs:label ?languageLabel .
    FILTER ( lang( ?languageLabel ) = 'en' )
  }
}

Got 3 rows and 2 columns:
| language                        | languageLabel           |
| ------------------------------- | ----------------------- |
| English Language (fb:m.02h40lc) | English Language (en)   |
| Esperanto Language (fb:m.02jcw) | Esperanto Language (en) |
| Lojban (fb:m.04gd7)             | Lojban (en)             |

English is the main and official language spoken by Australians. The knowledge graph also lists Esperanto and Lojban as languages spoken in Australia, but these are not commonly spoken.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
freebase at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/freebase

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
fb: <http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/
fbkey: <http://rdf.freebase.com/key/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
schema: <http://schema.org/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geosparql: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] what language does australians speak?

[Assistant] Let's start by looking at some similar examples.

[Tool]
Example 1:
Question:
what language do australian people speak?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  FILTER ( ?x != fb:m.0chghy ) FILTER ( ! isLiteral( ?x ) || lang( ?x ) = '' || langMatches( lang( ?x ) , 'en' ) ) fb:m.0chghy fb:location.country.languages_spoken ?x .
}

Using entities:
Australia, also known as Commonwealth of Australia, The Commonwealth of Australia (fb:m.0chghy): Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is an Ocean...e six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia., has type Country

Using properties:
Languages spoken (fb:location.country.languages_spoken): links to type Human Language, part of Country schema

Example 2:
Question:
what language does people speak in australia?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  FILTER ( ?x != fb:m.0chghy ) FILTER ( ! isLiteral( ?x ) || lang( ?x ) = '' || langMatches( lang( ?x ) , 'en' ) ) fb:m.0chghy fb:location.country.languages_spoken ?x .
}

Using entities:
Australia, also known as Commonwealth of Australia, The Commonwealth of Australia (fb:m.0chghy): Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is an Ocean...e six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia., has type Country

Using properties:
Languages spoken (fb:location.country.languages_spoken): links to type Human Language, part of Country schema

Example 3:
Question:
what language do the people speak in australia?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  FILTER ( ?x != fb:m.0chghy ) FILTER ( ! isLiteral( ?x ) || lang( ?x ) = '' || langMatches( lang( ?x ) , 'en' ) ) fb:m.0chghy fb:location.country.languages_spoken ?x .
}

Using entities:
Australia, also known as Commonwealth of Australia, The Commonwealth of Australia (fb:m.0chghy): Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is an Ocean...e six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia., has type Country

Using properties:
Languages spoken (fb:location.country.languages_spoken): links to type Human Language, part of Country schema

[Assistant] From the similar examples, it is clear that the entity for Australia is fb:m.0chghy and the property for languages spoken in a country is fb:location.country.languages_spoken. I will now write a SPARQL query to get the languages spoken in Australia.

[Tool]
Got 3 rows and 2 columns:
| language                        | languageLabel           |
| ------------------------------- | ----------------------- |
| English Language (fb:m.02h40lc) | English Language (en)   |
| Esperanto Language (fb:m.02jcw) | Esperanto Language (en) |
| Lojban (fb:m.04gd7)             | Lojban (en)             |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=refine):
The SPARQL query correctly retrieves languages spoken in Australia from the knowledge graph. However, the answer includes Esperanto and Lojban, which are not commonly spoken languages in Australia and likely represent less relevant or fringe data in the knowledge graph. The main language spoken by Australians is English. The query could be refined to prioritize or filter for official or majority languages to provide a more accurate and relevant answer. Additionally, the answer should clarify that English is the primary language spoken in Australia, while Esperanto and Lojban are not commonly spoken there.

[Assistant] Thank you for the feedback. To refine the query, I will try to find if there is a property indicating the official or primary language of Australia. If such a property exists, I will use it to filter or prioritize the languages. Otherwise, I will provide a clarification in the answer that English is the primary language spoken in Australia, while the others are less common or fringe languages. I will start by searching for properties related to "official language" or "primary language" for the entity Australia.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. Languages spoken (fb:location.country.languages_spoken): links to type Human Language, part of Country schema
2. Government (fb:government.governmental_jurisdiction.government): part of Governmental Jurisdiction schema, links to type Government
3. Government bodies (fb:government.governmental_jurisdiction.government_bodies): part of Governmental Jurisdiction schema, links to type Governmental Body
4. Form of Government (fb:location.country.form_of_government): links to type Form of Government, part of Country schema
5. Governing officials (fb:government.governmental_jurisdiction.governing_officials): part of Governmental Jurisdiction schema, links to type Government Position Held
6. Official website (fb:common.topic.official_website): part of Topic schema, links to type URI
7. Flag (fb:symbols.flag_referent.flag): part of Flag referent schema, links to type Flag use
8. Government positions (fb:government.governmental_jurisdiction.government_positions): links to type Government Office or Title, part of Governmental Jurisdiction schema
9. National anthem (fb:location.country.national_anthem): links to type National anthem of a country, part of Country schema
10. Administrative Divisions (fb:location.country.administrative_divisions): links to type Administrative Division, part of Country schema

No other items found

[Assistant] There is no specific property for "official language" or "primary language" for Australia in the knowledge graph. The only relevant property is "Languages spoken" (fb:location.country.languages_spoken). I will refine the answer to clarify that English is the primary language spoken in Australia, while Esperanto and Lojban are less commonly spoken or fringe languages according to the knowledge graph. I will reuse the previous query to get the languages spoken and provide the refined answer.

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=refine):
The SPARQL query correctly retrieves languages spoken in Australia, including English, Esperanto, and Lojban. However, the answer should clarify that English is the primary and official language spoken by Australians, while Esperanto and Lojban are not commonly spoken. To improve, the query could be refined to prioritize or filter for the primary or official language if such a property exists in the knowledge graph. Additionally, the answer should explicitly state that English is the main language to avoid ambiguity.

[Assistant] Since the knowledge graph does not have a specific property for the official or primary language of Australia, I cannot filter the query results to only show the primary language. However, I can improve the answer by explicitly stating that English is the main and official language spoken by Australians, while Esperanto and Lojban are not commonly spoken. I will keep the same query and provide a clearer answer.

[Tool] Stopped generation process


PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX fb: <http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/>
SELECT DISTINCT ?actor ?actorLabel WHERE {
  fb:m.03nm_fh fb:film.film.starring ?performance .
  ?performance fb:film.performance.actor ?actor .
  ?performance fb:film.performance.character fb:m.02qd_td .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?actor rdfs:label ?actorLabel FILTER ( lang( ?actorLabel ) = 'en' )
  }
}

The actor who played Jacob Black in Twilight is Taylor Lautner.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
freebase at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/freebase

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
fb: <http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/
fbkey: <http://rdf.freebase.com/key/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
schema: <http://schema.org/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geosparql: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] who played jacob black in twilight?

[Assistant] Let's start by looking at some similar examples.

[Tool]
Example 1:
Question:
who plays jacob black in twilight?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  FILTER ( ?x != fb:m.03nm_fh ) FILTER ( ! isLiteral( ?x ) || lang( ?x ) = '' || langMatches( lang( ?x ) , 'en' ) ) fb:m.03nm_fh fb:film.film.starring ?y .
  ?y fb:film.performance.actor ?x .
  ?y fb:film.performance.character fb:m.02qd_td .
}

Using entities:
Jacob Black, also known as Jake (fb:m.02qd_td): Jacob Black is a character in the Twilight series by Stephenie M...t 1 and Breaking Dawn Part 2, Jacob is played by Taylor Lautner., has type Film character
Twilight, also known as Twilight - La fascination, Twilight - Biss zum Morgengrau, Twilight: Chapitre 1 - Fascination, Twilight, chapitre I : Fascination, Twilight - Evighetens kyss (fb:m.03nm_fh): Twilight is a 2008 American vampire romance film based on Stephe...VD March 21, 2009 and became the most purchased DVD of the year., has type Film

Using properties:
Performances (fb:film.film.starring): links to type Film performance, part of Film schema
Actor (fb:film.performance.actor): part of Film performance schema, links to type Film actor
Character (fb:film.performance.character): part of Film performance schema, links to type Film character

Example 2:
Question:
who plays jacob black in the twilight movies?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  FILTER ( ?x != fb:m.03nm_fh ) FILTER ( ! isLiteral( ?x ) || lang( ?x ) = '' || langMatches( lang( ?x ) , 'en' ) ) fb:m.03nm_fh fb:film.film.starring ?y .
  ?y fb:film.performance.actor ?x .
  ?y fb:film.performance.character fb:m.02qd_td .
}

Using entities:
Jacob Black, also known as Jake (fb:m.02qd_td): Jacob Black is a character in the Twilight series by Stephenie M...t 1 and Breaking Dawn Part 2, Jacob is played by Taylor Lautner., has type Film character
Twilight, also known as Twilight - La fascination, Twilight - Biss zum Morgengrau, Twilight: Chapitre 1 - Fascination, Twilight, chapitre I : Fascination, Twilight - Evighetens kyss (fb:m.03nm_fh): Twilight is a 2008 American vampire romance film based on Stephe...VD March 21, 2009 and became the most purchased DVD of the year., has type Film

Using properties:
Performances (fb:film.film.starring): links to type Film performance, part of Film schema
Actor (fb:film.performance.actor): part of Film performance schema, links to type Film actor
Character (fb:film.performance.character): part of Film performance schema, links to type Film character

Example 3:
Question:
who played jacob black?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  FILTER ( ?x != fb:m.02qd_td ) FILTER ( ! isLiteral( ?x ) || lang( ?x ) = '' || langMatches( lang( ?x ) , 'en' ) ) fb:m.02qd_td fb:film.film_character.portrayed_in_films ?y .
  ?y fb:film.performance.actor ?x .
}

Using entities:
Jacob Black, also known as Jake (fb:m.02qd_td): Jacob Black is a character in the Twilight series by Stephenie M...t 1 and Breaking Dawn Part 2, Jacob is played by Taylor Lautner., has type Film character

Using properties:
Portrayed in films (fb:film.film_character.portrayed_in_films): links to type Film performance, part of Film character schema
Actor (fb:film.performance.actor): part of Film performance schema, links to type Film actor

[Assistant]
From the similar examples, I found that the character Jacob Black is identified as fb:m.02qd_td and the film Twilight is identified as fb:m.03nm_fh in Freebase. The properties used to link the film to performances and actors are fb:film.film.starring, fb:film.performance.actor, and fb:film.performance.character.

I will now construct a SPARQL query to find the actor who played Jacob Black in the Twilight film using these entities and properties.

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 2 columns:
| actor                        | actorLabel          |
| ---------------------------- | ------------------- |
| Taylor Lautner (fb:m.07ldhs) | Taylor Lautner (en) |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=done):
The SPARQL query correctly identifies the actor who played Jacob Black in the film Twilight by linking the film to its performances, then filtering for the character Jacob Black. The query returns the actor's identifier and label, which matches the answer provided: Taylor Lautner. The query uses appropriate properties and entities from Freebase and returns the expected result. No further refinement is needed.


PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX fb: <http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/>
SELECT DISTINCT ?religion ?religionLabel WHERE {
  fb:m.09c7w0 fb:location.statistical_region.religions ?religionPercentage .
  ?religionPercentage fb:location.religion_percentage.religion ?religion .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?religion rdfs:label ?religionLabel FILTER ( lang( ?religionLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}

Got 7 rows and 2 columns:
| religion                            | religionLabel               |
| ----------------------------------- | --------------------------- |
| Christianity (fb:m.01lp8)           | Christianity (en)           |
| Judaism (fb:m.03_gx)                | Judaism (en)                |
| Hinduism (fb:m.03j6c)               | Hinduism (en)               |
| Unitarian Universalism (fb:m.07w8f) | Unitarian Universalism (en) |
| Buddhism (fb:m.092bf5)              | Buddhism (en)               |
| Islam (fb:m.0flw86)                 | Islam (en)                  |
| Atheism (fb:m.0kpl)                 | Atheism (en)                |

The types of religions in the United States include Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism, Unitarian Universalism, Buddhism, Islam, and Atheism.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
freebase at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/freebase

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
fb: <http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/
fbkey: <http://rdf.freebase.com/key/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
schema: <http://schema.org/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geosparql: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] what type of religions are in the united states?

[Assistant] Let's start by looking at some similar examples.

[Tool]
Example 1:
Question:
what are major religions in the united states?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  FILTER ( ?x != fb:m.09c7w0 ) FILTER ( ! isLiteral( ?x ) || lang( ?x ) = '' || langMatches( lang( ?x ) , 'en' ) ) fb:m.09c7w0 fb:location.statistical_region.religions ?y .
  ?y fb:location.religion_percentage.religion ?x .
}

Using entities:
United States of America, also known as U.S. of A., USA, U.S.A., US, U.S. (fb:m.09c7w0): The United States of America, commonly referred to as the United...s emerged from 13 British colonies located along the East Coast., has type Country

Using properties:
Religion (fb:location.religion_percentage.religion): part of Religion percentage schema, links to type Religion
Religions (fb:location.statistical_region.religions): links to type Religion percentage, part of Statistical region schema

Example 2:
Question:
what are the most common religions in the united states?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  FILTER ( ?x != fb:m.09c7w0 ) FILTER ( ! isLiteral( ?x ) || lang( ?x ) = '' || langMatches( lang( ?x ) , 'en' ) ) fb:m.09c7w0 fb:location.statistical_region.religions ?y .
  ?y fb:location.religion_percentage.religion ?x .
}

Using entities:
United States of America, also known as U.S. of A., USA, U.S.A., US, U.S. (fb:m.09c7w0): The United States of America, commonly referred to as the United...s emerged from 13 British colonies located along the East Coast., has type Country

Using properties:
Religion (fb:location.religion_percentage.religion): part of Religion percentage schema, links to type Religion
Religions (fb:location.statistical_region.religions): links to type Religion percentage, part of Statistical region schema

Example 3:
Question:
what is the most practiced religion in the united states?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  FILTER ( ?x != fb:m.09c7w0 ) FILTER ( ! isLiteral( ?x ) || lang( ?x ) = '' || langMatches( lang( ?x ) , 'en' ) ) fb:m.09c7w0 fb:location.statistical_region.religions ?y .
  ?y fb:location.religion_percentage.religion ?x .
  ?y fb:location.religion_percentage.percentage ?sk0 .
}
ORDER BY DESC ( xsd:float ( ?sk0 ) )
LIMIT 1

Using entities:
United States of America, also known as U.S. of A., USA, U.S.A., US, U.S. (fb:m.09c7w0): The United States of America, commonly referred to as the United...s emerged from 13 British colonies located along the East Coast., has type Country

Using properties:
Percent of population (fb:location.religion_percentage.percentage): links to type Floating Point Number, part of Religion percentage schema
Religion (fb:location.religion_percentage.religion): part of Religion percentage schema, links to type Religion
Religions (fb:location.statistical_region.religions): links to type Religion percentage, part of Statistical region schema

[Assistant]
From the similar examples, it appears that the United States is identified by the entity fb:m.09c7w0 in Freebase. The property fb:location.statistical_region.religions links the United States to religion percentages, and fb:location.religion_percentage.religion links to the types of religions.

I will now write a SPARQL query to get the distinct types of religions in the United States using these properties.

[Tool]
Got 7 rows and 2 columns:
| religion                            | religionLabel               |
| ----------------------------------- | --------------------------- |
| Christianity (fb:m.01lp8)           | Christianity (en)           |
| Judaism (fb:m.03_gx)                | Judaism (en)                |
| Hinduism (fb:m.03j6c)               | Hinduism (en)               |
| Unitarian Universalism (fb:m.07w8f) | Unitarian Universalism (en) |
| Buddhism (fb:m.092bf5)              | Buddhism (en)               |
| Islam (fb:m.0flw86)                 | Islam (en)                  |
| Atheism (fb:m.0kpl)                 | Atheism (en)                |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=done):
The SPARQL query correctly retrieves distinct types of religions present in the United States using the appropriate properties from the Freebase knowledge graph. The answer lists the religions found in the query result, which matches the execution result. The query also optionally retrieves English labels for better readability. The output is complete, accurate, and follows the rules for SPARQL queries. No further refinement is necessary.


PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX fb: <http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/>
SELECT DISTINCT ?profession ?professionLabel ?work ?workLabel WHERE {
  OPTIONAL {
    fb:m.0w6w fb:people.person.profession ?profession .
    OPTIONAL {
      ?profession rdfs:label ?professionLabel FILTER ( lang( ?professionLabel ) = "en" )
    }
  }
  OPTIONAL {
    fb:m.0w6w fb:book.author.works_written ?work .
    OPTIONAL {
      ?work rdfs:label ?workLabel FILTER ( lang( ?workLabel ) = "en" )
    }
  }
}

Got 285 rows and 4 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| profession                 | professionLabel  | work                                                                       | workLabel                                                       |
| -------------------------- | ---------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Philosopher (fb:m.02h6fbs) | Philosopher (en) | fb:g.121pw5_6                                                              |                                                                 |
| Philosopher (fb:m.02h6fbs) | Philosopher (en) | Against Academicians and the Teacher (fb:m.010v031y)                       | Against Academicians and the Teacher (en)                       |
| Philosopher (fb:m.02h6fbs) | Philosopher (en) | De moribus ecclesiae catholicae et de moribus Manichaeorum (fb:m.012dv835) | De moribus ecclesiae catholicae et de moribus Manichaeorum (en) |
| Philosopher (fb:m.02h6fbs) | Philosopher (en) | City of God (fb:m.0281p7)                                                  | City of God (en)                                                |
| Philosopher (fb:m.02h6fbs) | Philosopher (en) | The Confessions of St. Augustine (fb:m.02xk96)                             | The Confessions of St. Augustine (en)                           |
| ...                        | ...              | ...                                                                        | ...                                                             |
| Writer (fb:m.0cbd2)        | Writer (en)      | Tractates on the Gospel of John (fb:m.0c1x_sj)                             | Tractates on the Gospel of John (en)                            |
| Writer (fb:m.0cbd2)        | Writer (en)      | Treatises on various subjects (fb:m.0c1x_sm)                               | Treatises on various subjects (en)                              |
| Writer (fb:m.0cbd2)        | Writer (en)      | The Trinity (fb:m.0c1x_sq)                                                 | The Trinity (en)                                                |
| Writer (fb:m.0cbd2)        | Writer (en)      | De doctrina christiana (fb:m.0c5v3w)                                       | De doctrina christiana (en)                                     |
| Writer (fb:m.0cbd2)        | Writer (en)      | Soliloquies of Augustine (fb:m.0gvv9j2)                                    | Soliloquies of Augustine (en)                                   |

St Augustine, also known as Augustine of Hippo, was a Philosopher and Writer. He wrote many works including 'Against Academicians and the Teacher', 'De moribus ecclesiae catholicae et de moribus Manichaeorum', 'City of God', 'The Confessions of St. Augustine', 'Tractates on the Gospel of John', 'Treatises on various subjects', 'The Trinity', 'De doctrina christiana', and 'Soliloquies of Augustine'.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
freebase at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/freebase

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
fb: <http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/
fbkey: <http://rdf.freebase.com/key/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
schema: <http://schema.org/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geosparql: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] what did st augustine do?

[Assistant] Let's start by looking at some similar examples.

[Tool]
Example 1:
Question:
what did st. matthew do?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  FILTER ( ?x != fb:m.0565x ) FILTER ( ! isLiteral( ?x ) || lang( ?x ) = '' || langMatches( lang( ?x ) , 'en' ) ) fb:m.0565x fb:book.author.works_written ?x .
}

Using entities:
Matthew the Apostle, also known as Levi (fb:m.0565x): Matthew the Apostle was, according to the Bible, one of the twel..., according to Christian tradition, one of the four Evangelists., has type Deceased Person

Using properties:
Works written (fb:book.author.works_written): links to type Written Work, part of Author schema

Example 2:
Question:
what did martin luther do?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  FILTER ( ?x != fb:m.04yd_ ) FILTER ( ! isLiteral( ?x ) || lang( ?x ) = '' || langMatches( lang( ?x ) , 'en' ) ) fb:m.04yd_ fb:people.person.profession ?x .
}

Using entities:
Martin Luther (fb:m.04yd_): Martin Luther was a German friar, priest and professor of theolo... by considering all baptized Christians to be a holy priesthood., has type Founding Figure

Using properties:
Profession (fb:people.person.profession): links to type Profession, part of Person schema

Example 3:
Question:
what is saint nicholas known for?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  FILTER ( ?x != fb:m.0f9q7 ) FILTER ( ! isLiteral( ?x ) || lang( ?x ) = '' || langMatches( lang( ?x ) , 'en' ) ) fb:m.0f9q7 fb:book.book_subject.works ?x .
}

Using entities:
Saint Nicholas, also known as Nikolaos of Bari, Nikolaos of Myra, Nikolaos the Wonderworker, St. Nicholas (fb:m.0f9q7): Saint Nicholas;, also called Nikolaos of Myra, was a historic 4t...nd Reformed churches have been named in honor of Saint Nicholas., has type Deceased Person

Using properties:
Works Written About This Topic (fb:book.book_subject.works): part of Literature Subject schema, links to type Written Work

[Assistant]
From the examples, it seems that for a question like "what did [person] do?" we can either look for their profession or the works they wrote or are associated with.

Step 1: Let's search for the entity "St Augustine" in the knowledge graph to find the correct entity identifier.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Augustine of Hippo, also known as St. Austin, St. Augustine the Blessed, St. Augustine, St. Augustin, St. Augoustinos (fb:m.0w6w): Augustine of Hippo, also known as Saint Augustine or Saint Austi... spiritual City of God, distinct from the material Earthly City., has type Religious Leader
2. St. Augustine, also known as St. Johns County / St. Augustine city, St. Augustine, Florida, St. Augustine, FL, Saint Augustine, Florida, Saint Augustine (fb:m.0rs6x): St. Augustine is a city in northeast Florida and the oldest cont...storical character has made the city a major tourist attraction., has type City/Town/Village
3. Augustine of Canterbury, also known as St Augustine (fb:m.011xr): Augustine of Canterbury was a Benedictine monk who became the fi...cluding thousands during a mass baptism on Christmas Day in 597., has type Religious Leader
4. St. Augustine, also known as Saint Augustine, St. Augustine, Illinois, Saint Augustine, Illinois, Knox County / St. Augustine village (fb:m.0s9jk): St. Augustine is a village in Knox County, Illinois, United Stat...nsus. It is part of the Galesburg Micropolitan Statistical Area., has type City/Town/Village
5. Saint Augustine, also known as Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago, St. Augustine, St. Augustine, Trinidad (fb:m.05jjd8): St. Augustine is a town in the north-west of Trinidad and Tobago., has type City/Town/Village
6. St Augustine, also known as François-Régis Croisier, St. Augustine (fb:m.0xlkgmn): St. Augustine is a musical artist., has type Musical Artist
7. St. Augustine, also known as Saint Augustine, St. Agustine School (fb:m.05bj854): St. Agustine is a catholic school in Ottawa, Ontario., has type School
8. St Augustine (fb:m.093c6j0): has type Book Edition
9. St. Augustine, also known as Saint Augustine (fb:m.018j40v): has type Musical Recording
10. St. Augustine, also known as Saint Augustine (fb:m.0rhf1r): has type Musical Recording

[Assistant]
The most relevant entity for "St Augustine" is Augustine of Hippo (fb:m.0w6w), who is a religious leader and commonly known as St. Augustine.

Step 2: Let's check the properties of this entity to find relevant properties that describe what he did, such as profession or works written.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. Profession (fb:people.person.profession): links to type Profession, part of Person schema
2. Country of nationality (fb:people.person.nationality): part of Person schema, links to type Country
3. Place of birth (fb:people.person.place_of_birth): links to type Location, part of Person schema
4. Date of birth (fb:people.person.date_of_birth): links to type Date/Time, part of Person schema
5. Type (fb:type.object.type): part of Object schema, links to type Type
6. Name (fb:type.object.name): part of Object schema, links to type Text
7. Gender (fb:people.person.gender): part of Person schema, links to type Gender
8. Date of death (fb:people.deceased_person.date_of_death): part of Deceased Person schema, links to type Date/Time
9. Place of death (fb:people.deceased_person.place_of_death): part of Deceased Person schema, links to type Location
10. Key (fb:type.object.key): part of Object schema, links to type Key

No other items found

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. Works written (fb:book.author.works_written): links to type Written Work, part of Author schema
2. Profession (fb:people.person.profession): links to type Profession, part of Person schema
3. Name (fb:type.object.name): part of Object schema, links to type Text
4. Image (fb:common.topic.image): part of Topic schema, links to type Image
5. Description (fb:common.topic.description): part of Topic schema, links to type Text
6. Religion (fb:people.person.religion): links to type Religion, part of Person schema
7. Type (fb:type.object.type): part of Object schema, links to type Type
8. Country of nationality (fb:people.person.nationality): part of Person schema, links to type Country
9. Key (fb:type.object.key): part of Object schema, links to type Key
10. Date of birth (fb:people.person.date_of_birth): links to type Date/Time, part of Person schema

No other items found

[Assistant]
For Augustine of Hippo (St Augustine), the relevant properties to describe what he did are "Profession" (fb:people.person.profession) and "Works written" (fb:book.author.works_written).

Step 3: Let's query both the professions and works written by Augustine of Hippo.

[Tool]
Got 285 rows and 4 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| profession                 | professionLabel  | work                                                                       | workLabel                                                       |
| -------------------------- | ---------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Philosopher (fb:m.02h6fbs) | Philosopher (en) | fb:g.121pw5_6                                                              |                                                                 |
| Philosopher (fb:m.02h6fbs) | Philosopher (en) | Against Academicians and the Teacher (fb:m.010v031y)                       | Against Academicians and the Teacher (en)                       |
| Philosopher (fb:m.02h6fbs) | Philosopher (en) | De moribus ecclesiae catholicae et de moribus Manichaeorum (fb:m.012dv835) | De moribus ecclesiae catholicae et de moribus Manichaeorum (en) |
| Philosopher (fb:m.02h6fbs) | Philosopher (en) | City of God (fb:m.0281p7)                                                  | City of God (en)                                                |
| Philosopher (fb:m.02h6fbs) | Philosopher (en) | The Confessions of St. Augustine (fb:m.02xk96)                             | The Confessions of St. Augustine (en)                           |
| ...                        | ...              | ...                                                                        | ...                                                             |
| Writer (fb:m.0cbd2)        | Writer (en)      | Tractates on the Gospel of John (fb:m.0c1x_sj)                             | Tractates on the Gospel of John (en)                            |
| Writer (fb:m.0cbd2)        | Writer (en)      | Treatises on various subjects (fb:m.0c1x_sm)                               | Treatises on various subjects (en)                              |
| Writer (fb:m.0cbd2)        | Writer (en)      | The Trinity (fb:m.0c1x_sq)                                                 | The Trinity (en)                                                |
| Writer (fb:m.0cbd2)        | Writer (en)      | De doctrina christiana (fb:m.0c5v3w)                                       | De doctrina christiana (en)                                     |
| Writer (fb:m.0cbd2)        | Writer (en)      | Soliloquies of Augustine (fb:m.0gvv9j2)                                    | Soliloquies of Augustine (en)                                   |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=done):
The system correctly identified St. Augustine's professions as Philosopher and Writer and listed many of his notable works. The SPARQL query appropriately retrieves both professions and works written by Augustine of Hippo, including their English labels. The answer is comprehensive and directly addresses the question 'what did St Augustine do?' by describing his roles and contributions. No further refinement is necessary.


PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX fb: <http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/>
SELECT DISTINCT ?team ?teamLabel WHERE {
  fb:m.0443c fb:sports.pro_athlete.teams ?teamRoster .
  ?teamRoster fb:sports.sports_team_roster.team ?team .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?team rdfs:label ?teamLabel FILTER ( lang( ?teamLabel ) = 'en' )
  }
}

Got 5 rows and 2 columns:
| team                                | teamLabel                 |
| ----------------------------------- | ------------------------- |
| Kansas City Monarchs (fb:m.02_cjl)  | Kansas City Monarchs (en) |
| Montreal Royals (fb:m.03_wkh)       | Montreal Royals (en)      |
| Los Angeles Bulldogs (fb:m.0413z4v) | Los Angeles Bulldogs (en) |
| Brooklyn Dodgers (fb:m.05fc8c9)     | Brooklyn Dodgers (en)     |
| UCLA Bruins football (fb:m.0fbtm7)  | UCLA Bruins football (en) |

Jackie Robinson played for several teams in different sports. Notably, he played baseball for the Brooklyn Dodgers, Kansas City Monarchs, Montreal Royals, and Los Angeles Bulldogs. He also played football for the UCLA Bruins. Among these, he is most famously known for his time with the Brooklyn Dodgers baseball team.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
freebase at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/freebase

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
fb: <http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/
fbkey: <http://rdf.freebase.com/key/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
schema: <http://schema.org/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geosparql: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] what team did jackie robinson?

[Assistant] Let's start by looking at some similar examples.

[Tool]
Example 1:
Question:
what years did jackie robinson play baseball?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  FILTER ( ?x != fb:m.0443c ) FILTER ( ! isLiteral( ?x ) || lang( ?x ) = '' || langMatches( lang( ?x ) , 'en' ) ) fb:m.0443c fb:baseball.baseball_player.batting_stats ?y .
  ?y fb:baseball.batting_statistics.season ?x .
}

Using entities:
Jackie Robinson, also known as Jackie, Jack Roosevelt Robinson (fb:m.0443c): Jack Roosevelt "Jackie" Robinson was an American Major League Ba...", on which every player on every team wears No. 42 on April 15., has type Baseball Player

Using properties:
Batting Statistics (fb:baseball.baseball_player.batting_stats): links to type Batting Statistics, part of Baseball Player schema
Season (fb:baseball.batting_statistics.season): links to type Sports League Season, part of Batting Statistics schema

Example 2:
Question:
where did jackie robinson go to school?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  FILTER ( ?x != fb:m.0443c ) FILTER ( ! isLiteral( ?x ) || lang( ?x ) = '' || langMatches( lang( ?x ) , 'en' ) ) fb:m.0443c fb:people.person.education ?y .
  ?y fb:education.education.institution ?x .
}

Using entities:
Jackie Robinson, also known as Jackie, Jack Roosevelt Robinson (fb:m.0443c): Jack Roosevelt "Jackie" Robinson was an American Major League Ba...", on which every player on every team wears No. 42 on April 15., has type Baseball Player

Using properties:
Institution (fb:education.education.institution): links to type Educational Institution, part of Education schema
Education (fb:people.person.education): links to type Education, part of Person schema

Example 3:
Question:
what professional baseball team did michael jordan play for?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  FILTER ( ?x != fb:m.054c1 ) FILTER ( ! isLiteral( ?x ) || lang( ?x ) = '' || langMatches( lang( ?x ) , 'en' ) ) fb:m.054c1 fb:sports.pro_athlete.teams ?y .
  ?y fb:sports.sports_team_roster.team ?x .
  ?x fb:common.topic.notable_types fb:m.0256985 .
}

Using entities:
Baseball Team (fb:m.0256985): A baseball team is a group of people, including players, coaches...o compete together against other teams in the sport of baseball.
Michael Jordan, also known as MJ, His Airness, Mike Jordan, Michael Jeffrey Jordan, His Royal Airness (fb:m.054c1): Michael Jeffrey Jordan, also known by his initials, MJ, is an Am...ation for being one of the best defensive players in basketball., has type Celebrity

Using properties:
Notable types (fb:common.topic.notable_types): part of Topic schema, links to type Type
Teams (fb:sports.pro_athlete.teams): links to type Sports team roster, part of Athlete schema
Team (fb:sports.sports_team_roster.team): part of Sports team roster schema, links to type Sports Team

[Assistant]
From the similar examples, I see that Jackie Robinson is identified as fb:m.0443c in Freebase. The property for teams a professional athlete played for is fb:sports.pro_athlete.teams, and the team itself can be accessed via fb:sports.sports_team_roster.team.

I will now write a SPARQL query to find the teams Jackie Robinson played for using these properties.

[Tool]
Got 5 rows and 2 columns:
| team                                | teamLabel                 |
| ----------------------------------- | ------------------------- |
| Kansas City Monarchs (fb:m.02_cjl)  | Kansas City Monarchs (en) |
| Montreal Royals (fb:m.03_wkh)       | Montreal Royals (en)      |
| Los Angeles Bulldogs (fb:m.0413z4v) | Los Angeles Bulldogs (en) |
| Brooklyn Dodgers (fb:m.05fc8c9)     | Brooklyn Dodgers (en)     |
| UCLA Bruins football (fb:m.0fbtm7)  | UCLA Bruins football (en) |

[Assistant]
Jackie Robinson played for several teams including the Kansas City Monarchs, Montreal Royals, Los Angeles Bulldogs, Brooklyn Dodgers, and UCLA Bruins football team.

If you want, I can provide the SPARQL query I used to get this information. Would you like that?

[User]
Feedback (status=refine):
The answer correctly lists the teams Jackie Robinson played for according to the query results. However, the question is ambiguous and incomplete ('what team did Jackie Robinson?'). It likely intends to ask 'What team did Jackie Robinson play for?' or 'Which team is Jackie Robinson known for?'. The query returns multiple teams, including some that are less commonly associated with him (e.g., UCLA Bruins football team). It would be better to clarify the question or to prioritize the most notable team(s) Jackie Robinson played for, such as the Brooklyn Dodgers, which is historically the most significant. Also, the query and answer could mention the sport to avoid confusion, as UCLA Bruins football is a different sport. Overall, the SPARQL query is correct and returns relevant data, but the answer could be refined to focus on the most relevant team(s) and clarify the question's intent.

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=refine):
The SPARQL query correctly retrieves some teams Jackie Robinson played for, such as the Kansas City Monarchs and Montreal Royals. However, it misses the Brooklyn Dodgers, which is the most notable team associated with him, and also the Los Angeles Bulldogs and UCLA Bruins (football team). The query restricts teams to baseball teams but might miss some due to the specific type filtering or the way teams are linked. To improve, consider checking the team types more broadly or verifying the completeness of the team roster links. Also, optionally include labels in English as done. The answer text is good but should be aligned with the query results or the query should be refined to fully support the answer.

[Assistant]
The feedback indicates that the current query misses some teams like the Brooklyn Dodgers, Los Angeles Bulldogs, and UCLA Bruins football team when restricting to baseball teams only. To address this, I will remove the strict type filter for baseball teams and instead retrieve all teams Jackie Robinson played for, including their labels. This will ensure completeness and alignment with the answer text.

I will now refine the SPARQL query accordingly.

[Tool]
Got 5 rows and 2 columns:
| team                                | teamLabel                 |
| ----------------------------------- | ------------------------- |
| Kansas City Monarchs (fb:m.02_cjl)  | Kansas City Monarchs (en) |
| Montreal Royals (fb:m.03_wkh)       | Montreal Royals (en)      |
| Los Angeles Bulldogs (fb:m.0413z4v) | Los Angeles Bulldogs (en) |
| Brooklyn Dodgers (fb:m.05fc8c9)     | Brooklyn Dodgers (en)     |
| UCLA Bruins football (fb:m.0fbtm7)  | UCLA Bruins football (en) |

[Tool] Stopped generation process