Failed to generate SPARQL query

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
dbpedia at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/dbpedia

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
dbo: <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/
dbp: <http://dbpedia.org/property/
dbr: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
purl: <http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geosparql: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] What is the largest state in the United States?

[Assistant]
Let's break down the question:

1. We need to identify the entity for "United States".
2. We need to find entities that are "states" of the United States.
3. We need to find the property that represents the area (to determine the largest).
4. We need to sort the states by area and select the largest one.

First, let's search for the entity "United States" in DBpedia.
The next step is to search for the property that links the United States to its states (i.e., the property that lists the states of the United States). This will help us find all the states.


PREFIX dbo: <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/>
PREFIX dbp: <http://dbpedia.org/property/>
PREFIX dbr: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/>
ASK WHERE {
  {
    dbr:Urdu ( dbo:languageFamily | dbp:fam ) ?fam .
  }
  {
    dbr:Persian_language ( dbo:languageFamily | dbp:fam ) ?fam .
  }
}

Yes, Urdu and Persian have a common root: they both belong to the Indo-Iranian language family.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
dbpedia at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/dbpedia

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
dbo: <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/
dbp: <http://dbpedia.org/property/
dbr: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
purl: <http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geosparql: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] Do Urdu and Persian have a common root?

[Assistant]
Let's break down the question:

1. The user is asking whether Urdu and Persian have a common root. This is a "True/False" (ASK) question.
2. We need to identify the entities for "Urdu" and "Persian" languages in DBpedia.
3. We need to find properties that relate to the "root" or "family" of a language, such as "language family", "ancestor", or similar.
4. We need to check if there is a common entity in the ancestry or family of both languages.

Step 1: Search for the entities "Urdu" and "Persian" in DBpedia.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Urdu (dbr:Urdu): Urdu is an Indo-Aryan language spoken chiefly in South Asia. It ...d as a Persianised standard register of the Hindustani language.
2. Urdu (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Urdu>)
3. URDU (dbr:URDU)
4. Urdū (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Urdū>)
5. Hapoel Ramat Gan Givatayim F.C., also known as Urduns (dbr:Hapoel_Ramat_Gan_Givatayim_F.C.): Hapoel Ramat Gan Givatayim F.C. (Hebrew: מועדון כדורגל הפועל רמת...h has a capacity of 13,370. Their regular home strip is all-red.
6. Urdu Wikipedia (dbr:Urdu_Wikipedia): Urdu Wikipedia (Urdu: اردو ویکیپیڈیا), started in January 2004,... Wikipedias. There were 10.4 million page views in January 2020.
7. Urduliz (dbr:Urduliz): Urduliz (Spanish: Urdúliz) is a municipality located in northern...urhoods. According to the 2019 census, it has 4,456 inhabitants.
8. Hapoel Ramat Gan Givatayim B.C., also known as Urduns (dbr:Hapoel_Ramat_Gan_Givatayim_B.C.): Hapoel Ramat Gan Givatayim B.C. is a professional basketball clu...s in the Israeli National League, the second division in Israel.
9. Urdu alphabet (dbr:Urdu_alphabet): The Urdu alphabet (Urdu: اردو حروفِ تہجی, romanized: urdū harūf...n alphabet, which is itself a derivative of the Arabic alphabet.
10. Urdu literature (dbr:Urdu_literature)

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Scorched rice, also known as ) – Kurdish, ) – Korean, ) – Japanese, ) - Iraqi Arabic, ) - Hejazi Arabic (dbr:Scorched_rice): Scorched rice, also known as crunchy rice, is a thin crust of sl...oduced during the cooking of rice over direct heat from a flame.
2. Persian (dbr:Persian)
3. Persian language (dbr:Persian_language): Persian , also known by its endonym Farsi (فارسی, Fārsī, [fɒːɾˈs... of the Indo-Iranian subdivision of the Indo-European languages.
4. Persian Gulf (dbr:Persian_Gulf)
5. Persian alphabet (dbr:Persian_alphabet)
6. Persian cat (dbr:Persian_cat): The Persian cat (گربه ایرانی) is a long-haired breed of cat char...and then mainly by American breeders after the Second World War.
7. Persian gardens (dbr:Persian_gardens): The tradition and style of garden design represented by Persian ...ardens in the world, from the era of the Mughal Empire in India.
8. Persians (dbr:Persians)
9. Persian Wikipedia (dbr:Persian_Wikipedia)
10. Old Persian (dbr:Old_Persian)

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Language family (dbr:Language_family): A language family is a group of languages related through descen...ion, to species in a phylogenetic tree of evolutionary taxonomy.
2. Yuman-Cochimí language family (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Yuman-Cochimí_language_family>)
3. Iroquoian Family (language) (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Iroquoian_Family_(language)>)
4. Kra-Dai language family (dbr:Kra-Dai_language_family)
5. Tai-Kadai language family (dbr:Tai-Kadai_language_family)
6. Ainu language family (dbr:Ainu_language_family)
7. Indo-European language family (dbr:Indo-European_language_family)
8. Niger–Congo language family (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Niger–Congo_language_family>)
9. Celtic language family (dbr:Celtic_language_family)
10. Borneo-Philippine Language Family (dbr:Borneo-Philippine_Language_Family)

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. language (dbp:language)
2. language (dbo:language): Use dc:language for literal, language for object, language
3. languagesclass (dbp:languagesclass)
4. languages (dbp:languages)
5. languages type (dbp:languagesType)
6. language spoken (dbp:languageSpoken)
7. mother tongue (dbp:motherTongue)
8. recognized languages (dbp:recognizedLanguages)
9. languages spoken (dbp:languagesSpoken)
10. new languages (dbp:newLanguages)

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. family (dbp:family)
2. family (dbo:languageFamily): language
3. family (dbo:family): species
4. families (dbp:families)
5. Family members (dbp:familyMembers)
6. other family (dbp:otherFamily)
7. other family members (dbp:otherFamilyMembers)
8. parent family (dbp:parentFamily)
9. other families (dbp:otherFamilies)
10. relatives (dbp:relatives)

[Tool]
Got 373 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject         | property                                                            | object                                                                   |
| --------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| Urdu (dbr:Urdu) | has abstract (dbo:abstract)                                         | Bahasa Urdu atau Urdu Zabaan (ju... menjadi Hindavi dan Hindustani. (in) |
| Urdu (dbr:Urdu) | Wikipage page ID (dbo:wikiPageID)                                   | 32231 (xsd:int)                                                          |
| Urdu (dbr:Urdu) | Wikipage revision ID (dbo:wikiPageRevisionID)                       | 1124954105 (xsd:int)                                                     |
| Urdu (dbr:Urdu) | page length (characters) of wiki page (dbo:wikiPageLength)          | 161983 (xsd:int)                                                         |
| Urdu (dbr:Urdu) | Link from a Wikipage to an external page (dbo:wikiPageExternalLink) | <http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/myl/llog/King2001.pdf>                 |
| Urdu (dbr:Urdu) | name (dbp:name)                                                     | Urdu (en)                                                                |
| Urdu (dbr:Urdu) | date (dbp:date)                                                     | July 2020 (en)                                                           |
| Urdu (dbr:Urdu) | region (dbp:region)                                                 | Hindustani Belt and Deccan (en)                                          |
| Urdu (dbr:Urdu) | imagesize (dbp:imagesize)                                           | 120 (xsd:int)                                                            |
| Urdu (dbr:Urdu) | fam (dbp:fam)                                                       | Hindustani language (dbr:Hindustani_language)                            |
| ...             | ...                                                                 | ...                                                                      |

[Tool]
Got 509 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject                                 | property                                                            | object                                                                       |
| --------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Persian language (dbr:Persian_language) | has abstract (dbo:abstract)                                         | A língua persa (فارسی, fārsi, AF...abi, o sindi, o , o e o bengali. (pt)     |
| Persian language (dbr:Persian_language) | Wikipage page ID (dbo:wikiPageID)                                   | 11600 (xsd:int)                                                              |
| Persian language (dbr:Persian_language) | Wikipage revision ID (dbo:wikiPageRevisionID)                       | 1124937314 (xsd:int)                                                         |
| Persian language (dbr:Persian_language) | page length (characters) of wiki page (dbo:wikiPageLength)          | 124691 (xsd:int)                                                             |
| Persian language (dbr:Persian_language) | Link from a Wikipage to an external page (dbo:wikiPageExternalLink) | <http://alefbaye2om.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Ma_farsi_balad_im_EN.pdf> |
| Persian language (dbr:Persian_language) | name (dbp:name)                                                     | Persian (en)                                                                 |
| Persian language (dbr:Persian_language) | title (dbp:title)                                                   | Darī (en)                                                                    |
| Persian language (dbr:Persian_language) | first (dbp:first)                                                   | C. E. (en)                                                                   |
| Persian language (dbr:Persian_language) | last (dbp:last)                                                     | Bosworth (en)                                                                |
| Persian language (dbr:Persian_language) | url (dbp:url)                                                       | <https://iranicaonline.org/articles/dari>                                    |
| ...                                     | ...                                                                 | ...                                                                          |

[Tool]
Got 5 rows and 3 columns:
| subject         | property      | object                                              |
| --------------- | ------------- | --------------------------------------------------- |
| Urdu (dbr:Urdu) | fam (dbp:fam) | Hindustani language (dbr:Hindustani_language)       |
| Urdu (dbr:Urdu) | fam (dbp:fam) | Indo-Aryan languages (dbr:Indo-Aryan_languages)     |
| Urdu (dbr:Urdu) | fam (dbp:fam) | Indo-Iranian languages (dbr:Indo-Iranian_languages) |
| Urdu (dbr:Urdu) | fam (dbp:fam) | Hindi languages (dbr:Hindi_languages)               |
| Urdu (dbr:Urdu) | fam (dbp:fam) | Western Hindi (dbr:Western_Hindi)                   |

[Tool]
Got 4 rows and 3 columns:
| subject                                 | property      | object                                                              |
| --------------------------------------- | ------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Persian language (dbr:Persian_language) | fam (dbp:fam) | Iranian languages (dbr:Iranian_languages)                           |
| Persian language (dbr:Persian_language) | fam (dbp:fam) | Indo-Iranian languages (dbr:Indo-Iranian_languages)                 |
| Persian language (dbr:Persian_language) | fam (dbp:fam) | Western Iranian languages (dbr:Western_Iranian_languages)           |
| Persian language (dbr:Persian_language) | fam (dbp:fam) | Southwestern Iranian languages (dbr:Southwestern_Iranian_languages) |

[Tool]
Got 4 rows and 3 columns:
| subject         | property                    | object                                              |
| --------------- | --------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------- |
| Urdu (dbr:Urdu) | family (dbo:languageFamily) | Indo-Aryan languages (dbr:Indo-Aryan_languages)     |
| Urdu (dbr:Urdu) | family (dbo:languageFamily) | Indo-Iranian languages (dbr:Indo-Iranian_languages) |
| Urdu (dbr:Urdu) | family (dbo:languageFamily) | Hindi languages (dbr:Hindi_languages)               |
| Urdu (dbr:Urdu) | family (dbo:languageFamily) | Western Hindi (dbr:Western_Hindi)                   |

[Tool]
Got 4 rows and 3 columns:
| subject                                 | property                    | object                                                              |
| --------------------------------------- | --------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Persian language (dbr:Persian_language) | family (dbo:languageFamily) | Iranian languages (dbr:Iranian_languages)                           |
| Persian language (dbr:Persian_language) | family (dbo:languageFamily) | Indo-Iranian languages (dbr:Indo-Iranian_languages)                 |
| Persian language (dbr:Persian_language) | family (dbo:languageFamily) | Western Iranian languages (dbr:Western_Iranian_languages)           |
| Persian language (dbr:Persian_language) | family (dbo:languageFamily) | Southwestern Iranian languages (dbr:Southwestern_Iranian_languages) |

[Assistant]
Both Urdu (dbr:Urdu) and Persian (dbr:Persian_language) have "Indo-Iranian languages" (dbr:Indo-Iranian_languages) as a language family in DBpedia. This means they do share a common root in the Indo-Iranian language family.

I will now construct an ASK query to check if there exists a language family (dbo:languageFamily or dbp:fam) that is shared by both Urdu and Persian language entities.

[Tool] True

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=done):
The output is correct and complete. The ASK query checks whether Urdu and Persian share a common language family by verifying if there is a shared value for the language family property. The answer is supported by the query result (True), and the explanation aligns with linguistic knowledge. No further refinement is necessary.


PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX dc: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/>
SELECT ?gangster ?label WHERE {
  ?gangster dc:subject <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Prohibition-era_gangsters> .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?gangster rdfs:label ?label FILTER ( lang( ?label ) = 'en' )
  }
}

Got 160 rows and 2 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| gangster                                                                              | label                           |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------- |
| Abe Bernstein (dbr:Abe_Bernstein)                                                     | Abe Bernstein (en)              |
| Abner Zwillman (dbr:Abner_Zwillman)                                                   | Abner Zwillman (en)             |
| Abraham Weinberg (dbr:Abraham_Weinberg)                                               | Abraham Weinberg (en)           |
| Al Capone (dbr:Al_Capone)                                                             | Al Capone (en)                  |
| Albert Anastasia (dbr:Albert_Anastasia)                                               | Albert Anastasia (en)           |
| ...                                                                                | ...                             |
| Walter Stevens (gangster) (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Walter_Stevens_(gangster)>)   | Walter Stevens (gangster) (en)  |
| Waxey Gordon (dbr:Waxey_Gordon)                                                       | Waxey Gordon (en)               |
| William Colbeck (gangster) (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/William_Colbeck_(gangster)>) | William Colbeck (gangster) (en) |
| William Egan (gangster) (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/William_Egan_(gangster)>)       | William Egan (gangster) (en)    |
| William McCoy (bootlegger) (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/William_McCoy_(bootlegger)>) | William McCoy (bootlegger) (en) |

Here are all gangsters from the Prohibition era according to DBpedia. The query returns their IRIs and English labels, including famous figures such as Al Capone, Lucky Luciano, Bugsy Siegel, and many more.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
dbpedia at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/dbpedia

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
dbo: <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/
dbp: <http://dbpedia.org/property/
dbr: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
purl: <http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geosparql: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] Give me all gangsters from the prohibition era.

[Assistant]
Let's break down the question:

1. Entities: "gangsters" and "prohibition era".
2. Properties: We need to find entities that are gangsters and are associated with the prohibition era.

First, I will search for the entity "gangster" in DBpedia to see if there is a class or type for gangsters.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Gangster (dbr:Gangster): A gangster is a criminal who is a member of a gang. Most gangs a...angsters are the subject of many novels, films, and video games.
2. Alex Wharf, also known as Gangster (dbr:Alex_Wharf): Alexander George Wharf (born 4 June 1975) is a former English OD...e Welsh side Glamorgan County Cricket Club. He is now an umpire.
3. Gangster! (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Gangster!>): Gangster! is a role-playing game published by Fantasy Games Unlimited in 1979.
4. Gangster, Gangster (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Gangster,_Gangster>)
5. Gangster film (dbr:Gangster_film): A gangster film or gangster movie is a film belonging to a genre...nre is differentiated from Westerns and the gangs of that genre.
6. Gangster Disciples (dbr:Gangster_Disciples): The Gangster Disciples are an African American street and prison...les and Black Disciples. Today, the two gangs are bitter rivals.
7. Gangster High (dbr:Gangster_High): Gangster High is a 2006 South Korean action film written and directed by Park Ki-hyung.
8. Hantu Gangster (dbr:Hantu_Gangster): Hantu Gangster is a 2012 Malaysian horror comedy film directed b...le, Dato Jalaluddin Hassan, David Arumugam, Reshmonu and others.
9. Citizen Gangster (dbr:Citizen_Gangster): Citizen Gangster is a 2011 Canadian biographical drama film dire...dwin Boyd, but was retitled Citizen Gangster in general release.
10. KL Gangster (dbr:KL_Gangster): KL Gangster is a 2011 Malaysian action film written and directed...he collection point of $3,309,610 (10 million) in local cinemas.

[Assistant]
The entity dbr:Gangster represents the concept of a gangster in DBpedia. Next, I need to determine if there is a class or type for "gangster" that can be used to find all individuals who are gangsters.

I will check if dbr:Gangster is a class or if there is a more specific class or type for gangsters.

[Tool]
Got 233 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject                 | property                                                            | object                                                                   |
| ----------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| Gangster (dbr:Gangster) | has abstract (dbo:abstract)                                         | A gangster is a criminal who is ... novels, films, and video games. (en) |
| Gangster (dbr:Gangster) | Wikipage page ID (dbo:wikiPageID)                                   | 234656 (xsd:int)                                                         |
| Gangster (dbr:Gangster) | Wikipage revision ID (dbo:wikiPageRevisionID)                       | 1122234657 (xsd:int)                                                     |
| Gangster (dbr:Gangster) | page length (characters) of wiki page (dbo:wikiPageLength)          | 47369 (xsd:int)                                                          |
| Gangster (dbr:Gangster) | Link from a Wikipage to an external page (dbo:wikiPageExternalLink) | <http://gangresearch.net/Archives/hagedorn/gangcomref.html>              |
| Gangster (dbr:Gangster) | rdf:type                                                            | person function (dbo:PersonFunction)                                     |
| Gangster (dbr:Gangster) | dc:subject                                                          | Gang members (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Gang_members>)       |
| Gangster (dbr:Gangster) | dbp:wikiPageUsesTemplate                                            | <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Template:About>                             |
| Gangster (dbr:Gangster) | rdfs:comment                                                        | A gangster is a criminal who is ... novels, films, and video games. (en) |
| Gangster (dbr:Gangster) | rdfs:label                                                          | Gangster (de)                                                            |
| ...                     | ...                                                                 | ...                                                                      |

[Assistant]
From the results, dbr:Gangster is not a class, but it is associated with the category "Gang members" (http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Gang_members). This category might be used to find individuals who are gangsters.

Next, I will check the contents of the "Gang members" category to see if it contains individual gangsters and how they are represented.

[Tool]
Got 78 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject                                                                                | property   | object                                                             |
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| Stanley Williams (dbr:Stanley_Williams)                                                         | dc:subject | Gang members (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Gang_members>) |
| Gangster (dbr:Gangster)                                                                         | dc:subject | Gang members (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Gang_members>) |
| Iran Barkley (dbr:Iran_Barkley)                                                                 | dc:subject | Gang members (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Gang_members>) |
| George Jackson (activist) (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/George_Jackson_(activist)>)             | dc:subject | Gang members (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Gang_members>) |
| Luis J. Rodriguez (dbr:Luis_J._Rodriguez)                                                       | dc:subject | Gang members (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Gang_members>) |
| Ion Croitoru (dbr:Ion_Croitoru)                                                                 | dc:subject | Gang members (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Gang_members>) |
| Miguel Piñero (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Miguel_Piñero>)                                     | dc:subject | Gang members (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Gang_members>) |
| Raymond Washington (dbr:Raymond_Washington)                                                     | dc:subject | Gang members (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Gang_members>) |
| Jeff Fort (dbr:Jeff_Fort)                                                                       | dc:subject | Gang members (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Gang_members>) |
| Barry Mills (Aryan Brotherhood) (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Barry_Mills_(Aryan_Brotherhood)>) | dc:subject | Gang members (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Gang_members>) |
| ...                                                                                | ...        | ...                                                                |

[Assistant]
The "Gang members" category contains individual people who are gangsters. Now, I need to filter these individuals to those associated with the "prohibition era."

The Prohibition era in the United States was from 1920 to 1933. I need to find gangsters who were active during this period. One way is to filter by their birth and death dates, or by their known activity period.

First, I will check what properties are available for one of these individuals, such as dbr:Stanley_Williams, to see if there are properties like birth date, death date, or activity period.

[Tool]
Got 239 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject                                 | property                                                            | object                                                                      |
| --------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Stanley Williams (dbr:Stanley_Williams) | has abstract (dbo:abstract)                                         | Stanley "Tookie" Williams (29 de...iams tardó 13 minutos en morir. (es)    |
| Stanley Williams (dbr:Stanley_Williams) | Wikipage page ID (dbo:wikiPageID)                                   | 301009 (xsd:int)                                                            |
| Stanley Williams (dbr:Stanley_Williams) | Wikipage revision ID (dbo:wikiPageRevisionID)                       | 1123480877 (xsd:int)                                                        |
| Stanley Williams (dbr:Stanley_Williams) | page length (characters) of wiki page (dbo:wikiPageLength)          | 61948 (xsd:int)                                                             |
| Stanley Williams (dbr:Stanley_Williams) | Link from a Wikipage to an external page (dbo:wikiPageExternalLink) | <http://crime.about.com/od/deathrow/a/tookie2.htm>                          |
| Stanley Williams (dbr:Stanley_Williams) | name (dbp:name)                                                     | Stanley Tookie Williams III (en)                                            |
| Stanley Williams (dbr:Stanley_Williams) | date (dbp:date)                                                     | 2009-09-16 (xsd:date)                                                       |
| Stanley Williams (dbr:Stanley_Williams) | birth place (dbp:birthPlace)                                        | Shreveport, Louisiana, U.S. (en)                                            |
| Stanley Williams (dbr:Stanley_Williams) | birth place (dbo:birthPlace)                                        | Shreveport, Louisiana (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Shreveport,_Louisiana>) |
| Stanley Williams (dbr:Stanley_Williams) | birth date (dbp:birthDate)                                          | 1953-12-29 (xsd:date)                                                       |
| ...                                     | ...                                                                 | ...                                                                         |

[Assistant]
The properties dbp:birthDate and dbp:deathDate (and possibly dbo:birthDate and dbo:deathDate) are available for individuals. To identify gangsters from the Prohibition era, I can filter for those whose lifespan overlaps with 1920-1933.

Now, I will construct a SPARQL query to get all individuals in the "Gang members" category whose birth and death dates overlap with the Prohibition era (1920-1933). I will include their birth and death dates if available, and their labels.

I will use OPTIONAL for birth and death dates, as not all entities may have them.

[Tool]
Got 45 rows and 1 column, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| gangster                                                                  |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Alf White (gangster) (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Alf_White_(gangster)>) |
| Allan Heyl (dbr:Allan_Heyl)                                               |
| Amiot Métayer (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Amiot_Métayer>)               |
| Anand Mohan Singh (dbr:Anand_Mohan_Singh)                                 |
| Arfan Bhatti (dbr:Arfan_Bhatti)                                           |
| ...                                                                       |
| Santiago Villalba Mederos (dbr:Santiago_Villalba_Mederos)                 |
| Shauntay Henderson (dbr:Shauntay_Henderson)                               |
| Thomas Möller (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Thomas_Möller>)               |
| Zahid Mohammed (dbr:Zahid_Mohammed)                                       |
| Zeeshan Shahid (dbr:Zeeshan_Shahid)                                       |

[Assistant]
The query returned several individuals, but some of them (e.g., Anand Mohan Singh, Arfan Bhatti) are not associated with the Prohibition era, indicating that filtering only by birth and death dates is not sufficient. Many modern gangsters are included because their birth dates are before 1933 or their death dates are after 1920.

To improve the query, I should look for a more specific category, such as "American gangsters," "Prohibition-era gangsters," or similar. I will search for such categories in DBpedia.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Prohibition-era gangsters (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Prohibition-era_gangsters>)
2. HML-776, also known as Gangsters (dbr:HML-776): Marine Light Helicopter Squadron 776 (HMM-776) was a reserve hel...h Marine Aircraft Wing. HML-776 was deactivated on July 1, 1994.
3. Gangsters (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Gangsters>)
4. Gangsters (dbr:Gangsters)
5. Prohibition-era (dbr:Prohibition-era)
6. Tropical Gangsters (dbr:Tropical_Gangsters)
7. Meeruthiya Gangsters (dbr:Meeruthiya_Gangsters): Meeruthiya Gangsters (transl. Gangsters of Meerut) is a 2015 Ind...is based from the perspective of six youths who turn kidnappers.
8. Gangsters 2 (dbr:Gangsters_2): Gangsters 2: Vendetta is a 2001 PC video game. It was developed ...rving out a place for himself in the final years of Prohibition.
9. The Gangsters (dbr:The_Gangsters): The Gangsters is a 1913 American short comedy film featuring Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle as one of the Keystone Cops.
10. Gangsters (song) (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Gangsters_(song)>): "Gangsters" is the first single by the Special A.K.A. (The Specials).

[Tool]
Got 160 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject                                 | property   | object                                                                                |
| --------------------------------------- | ---------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Al Capone (dbr:Al_Capone)               | dc:subject | Prohibition-era gangsters (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Prohibition-era_gangsters>) |
| Lucky Luciano (dbr:Lucky_Luciano)       | dc:subject | Prohibition-era gangsters (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Prohibition-era_gangsters>) |
| Bugsy Siegel (dbr:Bugsy_Siegel)         | dc:subject | Prohibition-era gangsters (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Prohibition-era_gangsters>) |
| Carlo Gambino (dbr:Carlo_Gambino)       | dc:subject | Prohibition-era gangsters (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Prohibition-era_gangsters>) |
| Frank Costello (dbr:Frank_Costello)     | dc:subject | Prohibition-era gangsters (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Prohibition-era_gangsters>) |
| Meyer Lansky (dbr:Meyer_Lansky)         | dc:subject | Prohibition-era gangsters (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Prohibition-era_gangsters>) |
| Vito Genovese (dbr:Vito_Genovese)       | dc:subject | Prohibition-era gangsters (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Prohibition-era_gangsters>) |
| Albert Anastasia (dbr:Albert_Anastasia) | dc:subject | Prohibition-era gangsters (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Prohibition-era_gangsters>) |
| Frank Nitti (dbr:Frank_Nitti)           | dc:subject | Prohibition-era gangsters (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Prohibition-era_gangsters>) |
| Johnny Torrio (dbr:Johnny_Torrio)       | dc:subject | Prohibition-era gangsters (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Prohibition-era_gangsters>) |
| ...                                     | ...        | ...                                                                                |

[Tool]
Got 160 rows and 1 column, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| gangster                                                                              |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Abe Bernstein (dbr:Abe_Bernstein)                                                     |
| Abner Zwillman (dbr:Abner_Zwillman)                                                   |
| Abraham Weinberg (dbr:Abraham_Weinberg)                                               |
| Al Capone (dbr:Al_Capone)                                                             |
| Albert Anastasia (dbr:Albert_Anastasia)                                               |
| ...                                                                                |
| Walter Stevens (gangster) (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Walter_Stevens_(gangster)>)   |
| Waxey Gordon (dbr:Waxey_Gordon)                                                       |
| William Colbeck (gangster) (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/William_Colbeck_(gangster)>) |
| William Egan (gangster) (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/William_Egan_(gangster)>)       |
| William McCoy (bootlegger) (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/William_McCoy_(bootlegger)>) |

[Tool]
Got 160 rows and 2 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| gangster                                                                              | label                           |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------- |
| Abe Bernstein (dbr:Abe_Bernstein)                                                     | Abe Bernstein (en)              |
| Abner Zwillman (dbr:Abner_Zwillman)                                                   | Abner Zwillman (en)             |
| Abraham Weinberg (dbr:Abraham_Weinberg)                                               | Abraham Weinberg (en)           |
| Al Capone (dbr:Al_Capone)                                                             | Al Capone (en)                  |
| Albert Anastasia (dbr:Albert_Anastasia)                                               | Albert Anastasia (en)           |
| ...                                                                                | ...                             |
| Walter Stevens (gangster) (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Walter_Stevens_(gangster)>)   | Walter Stevens (gangster) (en)  |
| Waxey Gordon (dbr:Waxey_Gordon)                                                       | Waxey Gordon (en)               |
| William Colbeck (gangster) (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/William_Colbeck_(gangster)>) | William Colbeck (gangster) (en) |
| William Egan (gangster) (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/William_Egan_(gangster)>)       | William Egan (gangster) (en)    |
| William McCoy (bootlegger) (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/William_McCoy_(bootlegger)>) | William McCoy (bootlegger) (en) |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=done):
The SPARQL query correctly retrieves all entities categorized as 'Prohibition-era gangsters' from DBpedia, returning their IRIs and English labels as requested. The query follows best practices, using OPTIONAL for labels and not including non-standard clauses. The answer is complete and accurate according to the data source.


PREFIX dbo: <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/>
PREFIX dbr: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/>
SELECT ?foundingYear WHERE {
  dbr:De_Beers dbo:foundingYear ?foundingYear
}

Got 1 row and 1 column:
| foundingYear     |
| ---------------- |
| 1888 (xsd:gYear) |

The De Beers company was founded in 1888.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
dbpedia at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/dbpedia

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
dbo: <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/
dbp: <http://dbpedia.org/property/
dbr: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
purl: <http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geosparql: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] When was the De Beers company founded?

[Assistant]
Let's break down the question:

1. The entity is "De Beers company".
2. The property we are interested in is the founding date.

First, I will search for the entity "De Beers" in DBpedia to find its IRI.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. De Beers (dbr:De_Beers)
2. De Beers (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:De_Beers>)
3. De beers (dbr:De_beers)
4. De Beers Stadium (dbr:De_Beers_Stadium): The De Beers Stadium in Kimberley, Northern Cape, South Africa w...bone Cricket Club (MCC), the Australians and the New Zealanders.
5. De Beers people (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:De_Beers_people>)
6. De Beers diamond (dbr:De_Beers_diamond)
7. De Beers Pass (dbr:De_Beers_Pass)
8. De Beers LV (dbr:De_Beers_LV)
9. De Beers corporation (dbr:De_Beers_corporation)
10. De Beers Group (dbr:De_Beers_Group)

[Assistant]
The most likely correct entity for the De Beers company is dbr:De_Beers.

Next, I need to find the property in DBpedia that corresponds to "founding date" or "date of foundation". I will search for properties related to "founding date".

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. founding date (dbp:foundingDate)
2. founding date (dbo:foundingDate): xsd:date
3. founded date (dbp:foundedDate)
4. year founded (dbp:yearFounded)
5. date founded (dbp:dateFounded)
6. founding year (dbo:foundingYear): xsd:gYear
7. founding year (dbp:foundingYear)
8. founded year (dbp:foundedYear)
9. founding location (dbp:foundingLocation)
10. founded in (dbp:foundedIn)

[Tool]
Got 202 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject                 | property                                                            | object                                                                   |
| ----------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| De Beers (dbr:De_Beers) | has abstract (dbo:abstract)                                         | De Beers (англ. «Де Бирс») — меж...ан: «Бриллианты — это навсегда». (ru) |
| De Beers (dbr:De_Beers) | Wikipage page ID (dbo:wikiPageID)                                   | 53713 (xsd:int)                                                          |
| De Beers (dbr:De_Beers) | Wikipage revision ID (dbo:wikiPageRevisionID)                       | 1122828432 (xsd:int)                                                     |
| De Beers (dbr:De_Beers) | page length (characters) of wiki page (dbo:wikiPageLength)          | 58914 (xsd:int)                                                          |
| De Beers (dbr:De_Beers) | Link from a Wikipage to an external page (dbo:wikiPageExternalLink) | <http://www.edwardjayepstein.com/diamond/prologue.htm%7Ctitle=The>       |
| De Beers (dbr:De_Beers) | name (dbp:name)                                                     | De Beers Group (en)                                                      |
| De Beers (dbr:De_Beers) | image caption (dbp:imageCaption)                                    | DeBeers store on Rodeo Drive in Beverly Hills, California (en)           |
| De Beers (dbr:De_Beers) | logo (dbp:logo)                                                     | De Beers.svg (en)                                                        |
| De Beers (dbr:De_Beers) | founding year (dbo:foundingYear)                                    | 1888 (xsd:gYear)                                                         |
| De Beers (dbr:De_Beers) | industry (dbp:industry)                                             | Diamond industry (dbr:Diamond_industry)                                  |
| ...                     | ...                                                                 | ...                                                                      |

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| foundingYear     |
| ---------------- |
| 1888 (xsd:gYear) |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=done):
The SPARQL query correctly retrieves the founding year of De Beers using the appropriate property (dbo:foundingYear) and entity (dbr:De_Beers). The answer matches the query result, and the query follows all the required guidelines. No further refinement is needed.


# Rivers in South Carolina
SELECT (COUNT(DISTINCT ?river) AS ?riverCount) WHERE {
  ?river a dbo:River.
  { ?river dbp:subdivisionName dbr:South_Carolina. }
  UNION { ?river dbp:location dbr:South_Carolina. }
  UNION { ?river dbo:location dbr:South_Carolina. }
}

# Lakes in South Carolina
SELECT (COUNT(DISTINCT ?lake) AS ?lakeCount) WHERE {
  ?lake a dbo:Lake.
  { ?lake dbp:subdivisionName dbr:South_Carolina. }
  UNION { ?lake dbp:location dbr:South_Carolina. }
  UNION { ?lake dbo:location dbr:South_Carolina. }
}

According to DBpedia, there are 31 rivers and 5 lakes in South Carolina, based on the most common location properties for these features.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
dbpedia at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/dbpedia

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
dbo: <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/
dbp: <http://dbpedia.org/property/
dbr: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
purl: <http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geosparql: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] How many rivers and lakes are in South Carolina?

[Assistant]
Let's break down the question:

1. We need to identify entities for "South Carolina", "rivers", and "lakes".
2. We need to find the properties that relate rivers and lakes to South Carolina (e.g., located in, flows through, etc.).
3. We need to count the number of rivers and lakes in South Carolina.

First, let's search for the entity "South Carolina" in DBpedia.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. South Carolina, also known as The Palmetto State (dbr:South_Carolina): South Carolina ( (listen)) is a state in the Southeastern region... was $213.45 billion. South Carolina is composed of 46 counties.
2. South Carolina (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:South_Carolina>)
3. South carolina (dbr:South_carolina)
4. Columbia, South Carolina (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Columbia,_South_Carolina>): Columbia is the capital and second-largest city of the U.S. stat...32,666 by July 1, 2018, according to 2018 U.S. Census estimates.
5. Darlington, South Carolina (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Darlington,_South_Carolina>)
6. Charleston, South Carolina, also known as The Holy City, (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Charleston,_South_Carolina>): Charleston is the largest city in the U.S. state of South Caroli...rleston had an estimated population of 137,566 as of latest U.S.
7. Spartanburg, South Carolina (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Spartanburg,_South_Carolina>)
8. Florence, South Carolina, also known as Flo-Town, The Magic City (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Florence,_South_Carolina>)
9. Aiken, South Carolina, also known as The City of Trees (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Aiken,_South_Carolina>)
10. Greenville, South Carolina (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Greenville,_South_Carolina>)

[Assistant]
The main entity for the state is dbr:South_Carolina. Next, I need to identify how rivers and lakes are related to South Carolina in DBpedia.

I'll search for properties related to "river" and "lake" that might indicate location or relation to a place.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. river (dbp:river)
2. river (dbo:river): place, river
3. river name (dbp:riverName)
4. rivers (dbp:rivers)
5. River type (dbp:riverType)
6. river system (dbp:riverSystem)
7. waterway (dbp:waterway)
8. downriver (dbp:downriver)
9. watercourse (dbp:watercourse)
10. river wide (dbp:riverWide)

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. lake (dbp:lake)
2. lake area (dbp:lakeArea)
3. lakes (dbp:lakes)
4. lake type (dbp:lakeType)
5. largest lake (dbp:largestLake)
6. waterbody (dbp:waterbody)
7. Reservoir (dbp:reservoir)
8. vastest lake (dbo:lake): body of water, place
9. water bodies (dbp:waterBodies)
10. Pond (dbp:pond)

[Assistant]
From the property search, the most relevant ontology properties seem to be:
- dbo:river (for rivers)
- dbo:lake (for lakes)

Now, I need to check how rivers and lakes are associated with South Carolina. Usually, rivers and lakes have a property like dbo:locatedInArea or dbo:location. I should check which property links rivers/lakes to a place like South Carolina.

I'll search for properties of a known river entity to see how its location is represented. Let's search for a river in South Carolina, such as the "Savannah River".

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Savannah River (dbr:Savannah_River): The Savannah River is a major river in the southeastern United S...Continental Divide. The river is around 301 miles (484 km) long.
2. Savannah River (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Savannah_River>)
3. Savannah river (dbr:Savannah_river)
4. Savannah (river) (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Savannah_(river)>)
5. Savannah River Parkway (dbr:Savannah_River_Parkway): The Savannah River Parkway (designated as SR 555 and SR 565) is ...tely is planned to travel from Savannah to Knoxville, Tennessee.
6. Savannah River Site (dbr:Savannah_River_Site)
7. New Savannah River (dbr:New_Savannah_River): The New Savannah River is a river of Jamaica.
8. Savannah River Site (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Savannah_River_Site>)
9. Savannah River point (dbr:Savannah_River_point)
10. Seneca River (Savannah River) (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Seneca_River_(Savannah_River)>)

[Tool]
Got 168 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject                             | property                                                            | object                                                                                |
| ----------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Savannah River (dbr:Savannah_River) | has abstract (dbo:abstract)                                         | De Savannah (River) is een circa...Augusta
* Zeehaven van Savannah (nl)                                            |
| Savannah River (dbr:Savannah_River) | Wikipage page ID (dbo:wikiPageID)                                   | 240416 (xsd:int)                                                                                |
| Savannah River (dbr:Savannah_River) | Wikipage revision ID (dbo:wikiPageRevisionID)                       | 1108505175 (xsd:int)                                                                                |
| Savannah River (dbr:Savannah_River) | page length (characters) of wiki page (dbo:wikiPageLength)          | 25837 (xsd:int)                                                                                |
| Savannah River (dbr:Savannah_River) | Link from a Wikipage to an external page (dbo:wikiPageExternalLink) | <http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/historical_markers/county/effingham/two-historic-savannah-river-ferries> |
| Savannah River (dbr:Savannah_River) | name (dbp:name)                                                     | Savannah River (en)                                                                                |
| Savannah River (dbr:Savannah_River) | subdivision type (dbp:subdivisionType)                              | Cities (en)                                                                                |
| Savannah River (dbr:Savannah_River) | subdivision name (dbp:subdivisionName)                              | North Carolina (dbr:North_Carolina)                                                                                |
| Savannah River (dbr:Savannah_River) | image caption (dbp:imageCaption)                                    | Savannah River at Augusta, with the Augusta Canal running alongside (en)                                            |
| Savannah River (dbr:Savannah_River) | map caption (dbp:mapCaption)                                        | Map of the Savannah River watershed (en)                                                                            |
| ...                                 | ...                                                                 | ...                                                                                |

[Tool]
Got 168 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject                             | property                                                            | object                                                                                |
| ----------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Savannah River (dbr:Savannah_River) | has abstract (dbo:abstract)                                         | De Savannah (River) is een circa...Augusta
* Zeehaven van Savannah (nl)                                            |
| Savannah River (dbr:Savannah_River) | Wikipage page ID (dbo:wikiPageID)                                   | 240416 (xsd:int)                                                                                |
| Savannah River (dbr:Savannah_River) | Wikipage revision ID (dbo:wikiPageRevisionID)                       | 1108505175 (xsd:int)                                                                                |
| Savannah River (dbr:Savannah_River) | page length (characters) of wiki page (dbo:wikiPageLength)          | 25837 (xsd:int)                                                                                |
| Savannah River (dbr:Savannah_River) | Link from a Wikipage to an external page (dbo:wikiPageExternalLink) | <http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/historical_markers/county/effingham/two-historic-savannah-river-ferries> |
| Savannah River (dbr:Savannah_River) | name (dbp:name)                                                     | Savannah River (en)                                                                                |
| Savannah River (dbr:Savannah_River) | subdivision type (dbp:subdivisionType)                              | Cities (en)                                                                                |
| Savannah River (dbr:Savannah_River) | subdivision name (dbp:subdivisionName)                              | North Carolina (dbr:North_Carolina)                                                                                |
| Savannah River (dbr:Savannah_River) | image caption (dbp:imageCaption)                                    | Savannah River at Augusta, with the Augusta Canal running alongside (en)                                            |
| Savannah River (dbr:Savannah_River) | map caption (dbp:mapCaption)                                        | Map of the Savannah River watershed (en)                                                                            |
| ...                                 | ...                                                                 | ...                                                                                |

[Tool]
Got 168 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject                             | property                                                            | object                                                                                |
| ----------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Savannah River (dbr:Savannah_River) | has abstract (dbo:abstract)                                         | De Savannah (River) is een circa...Augusta
* Zeehaven van Savannah (nl)                                            |
| Savannah River (dbr:Savannah_River) | Wikipage page ID (dbo:wikiPageID)                                   | 240416 (xsd:int)                                                                                |
| Savannah River (dbr:Savannah_River) | Wikipage revision ID (dbo:wikiPageRevisionID)                       | 1108505175 (xsd:int)                                                                                |
| Savannah River (dbr:Savannah_River) | page length (characters) of wiki page (dbo:wikiPageLength)          | 25837 (xsd:int)                                                                                |
| Savannah River (dbr:Savannah_River) | Link from a Wikipage to an external page (dbo:wikiPageExternalLink) | <http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/historical_markers/county/effingham/two-historic-savannah-river-ferries> |
| Savannah River (dbr:Savannah_River) | name (dbp:name)                                                     | Savannah River (en)                                                                                |
| Savannah River (dbr:Savannah_River) | subdivision type (dbp:subdivisionType)                              | Cities (en)                                                                                |
| Savannah River (dbr:Savannah_River) | subdivision name (dbp:subdivisionName)                              | North Carolina (dbr:North_Carolina)                                                                                |
| Savannah River (dbr:Savannah_River) | image caption (dbp:imageCaption)                                    | Savannah River at Augusta, with the Augusta Canal running alongside (en)                                            |
| Savannah River (dbr:Savannah_River) | map caption (dbp:mapCaption)                                        | Map of the Savannah River watershed (en)                                                                            |
| ...                                 | ...                                                                 | ...                                                                                |

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. name (dbp:name)
2. mouth location (dbp:mouthLocation)
3. source  (dbp:source)
4. discharge1 location (dbp:discharge1Location)
5. image caption (dbp:imageCaption)
6. map caption (dbp:mapCaption)
7. subdivision name (dbp:subdivisionName)
8. length (μ) (dbo:length): xsd:double
9. mouth elevation (μ) (dbo:mouthElevation): xsd:double
10. tributaries left (dbp:tributariesLeft)

No other items found

[Tool]
Got 614 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject                                                                                | property                               | object                              |
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------- |
| Columbia, South Carolina (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Columbia,_South_Carolina>)                     | subdivision name (dbp:subdivisionName) | South Carolina (dbr:South_Carolina) |
| Myrtle Beach, South Carolina (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Myrtle_Beach,_South_Carolina>)             | subdivision name (dbp:subdivisionName) | South Carolina (dbr:South_Carolina) |
| Charleston, South Carolina (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Charleston,_South_Carolina>)                 | subdivision name (dbp:subdivisionName) | South Carolina (dbr:South_Carolina) |
| Hilton Head Island, South Carolina (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Hilton_Head_Island,_South_Carolina>) | subdivision name (dbp:subdivisionName) | South Carolina (dbr:South_Carolina) |
| Florence, South Carolina (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Florence,_South_Carolina>)                     | subdivision name (dbp:subdivisionName) | South Carolina (dbr:South_Carolina) |
| Rock Hill, South Carolina (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Rock_Hill,_South_Carolina>)                   | subdivision name (dbp:subdivisionName) | South Carolina (dbr:South_Carolina) |
| Sumter, South Carolina (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Sumter,_South_Carolina>)                         | subdivision name (dbp:subdivisionName) | South Carolina (dbr:South_Carolina) |
| Abbeville, South Carolina (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Abbeville,_South_Carolina>)                   | subdivision name (dbp:subdivisionName) | South Carolina (dbr:South_Carolina) |
| Clemson, South Carolina (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Clemson,_South_Carolina>)                       | subdivision name (dbp:subdivisionName) | South Carolina (dbr:South_Carolina) |
| Georgetown, South Carolina (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Georgetown,_South_Carolina>)                 | subdivision name (dbp:subdivisionName) | South Carolina (dbr:South_Carolina) |
| ...                                                                                | ...                                    | ...                                 |

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. River (dbr:River): A river is a natural flowing watercourse, usually freshwater, fl... to using names such as stream, creek, brook, rivulet, and rill.
2. Nathan Coulter-Nile, also known as River (dbr:Nathan_Coulter-Nile): Nathan Mitchell Coulter-Nile (born 11 October 1987) is an Austra...ree youth ODI matches for the Australian national under-19 team.
3. Riveris (river) (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Riveris_(river)>): The Riveris is an orographically right-hand, southern tributary ...name Riveris is derived from the Latin and means "little river".
4. Riverin River (dbr:Riverin_River): The Riverin River (French: Rivière Riverin) is a river in the Cô...s a small hydroelectric power plant near the mouth of the river.
5. river (dbo:River): a large natural stream
6. river (dbo:river)
7. Riveris River (dbr:Riveris_River)
8. river (dbp:river)
9. River Monsters (dbr:River_Monsters): River Monsters is a British and American wildlife documentary te... the biggest specimens and then release them back into the wild.
10. Wuhan, also known as ("China's Thoroughfare"), The Chicago of China, ("River City") (dbr:Wuhan): Wuhan (UK: , US: ; simplified Chinese: 武汉; traditional Chinese: ...the capital of Hubei Province in the People's Republic of China.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Lake (dbr:Lake): A lake is an area filled with water, localized in a basin, surro...on land, though there are no official or scientific definitions.
2. Lakeside Lake (dbr:Lakeside_Lake): Lakeside Lake is located at Chuck Ford-Lakeside Park in east Tuc...tates, on the northwest corner of Stella Road and Sarnoff Drive.
3. lake (dbo:Lake)
4. Lake lake (dbr:Lake_lake)
5. Lakeside lake (dbr:Lakeside_lake)
6. Lakelse Lake (dbr:Lakelse_Lake)
7. lake (dbp:lake)
8. Lake" (<http://dbpedia.org/property/lake%22>)
9. Lake Geneva (dbr:Lake_Geneva): Lake Geneva (French: le Léman [lə lemɑ̃] (rarely lac de Genève [...es in Western Europe and the largest on the course of the Rhône.
10. Elliot Lake (dbr:Elliot_Lake): Elliot Lake is a city in Algoma District, Ontario, Canada. It is...se, exporting glass awards and telescoping equipment for mining.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. located in (dbp:locatedIn)
2. located in area (dbo:locatedInArea): place
3. located (dbp:located)
4. location country (dbp:locationCountry)
5. based in (dbp:basedIn)
6. based at (dbp:basedAt)
7. locations (dbp:locations)
8. location place (dbp:locationPlace)
9. location title (dbp:locationTitle)
10. location city (dbp:locationCity)

[Tool]
Got 16 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject                                                                                | property                            | object                              |
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------- | ----------------------------------- |
| Sassafras Mountain (dbr:Sassafras_Mountain)                                                           | located in area (dbo:locatedInArea) | South Carolina (dbr:South_Carolina) |
| John F. Limehouse Memorial Bridge (dbr:John_F._Limehouse_Memorial_Bridge)                             | located in area (dbo:locatedInArea) | South Carolina (dbr:South_Carolina) |
| James B. Edwards Bridge (dbr:James_B._Edwards_Bridge)                                                 | located in area (dbo:locatedInArea) | South Carolina (dbr:South_Carolina) |
| Ben Sawyer Bridge (dbr:Ben_Sawyer_Bridge)                                                             | located in area (dbo:locatedInArea) | South Carolina (dbr:South_Carolina) |
| Isle of Palms Connector Bridge (dbr:Isle_of_Palms_Connector_Bridge)                                   | located in area (dbo:locatedInArea) | South Carolina (dbr:South_Carolina) |
| Richard V. Woods Memorial Bridge (dbr:Richard_V._Woods_Memorial_Bridge)                               | located in area (dbo:locatedInArea) | South Carolina (dbr:South_Carolina) |
| Henry's Knob (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Henry's_Knob>)                                             | located in area (dbo:locatedInArea) | South Carolina (dbr:South_Carolina) |
| Pinnacle Mountain (South Carolina) (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Pinnacle_Mountain_(South_Carolina)>) | located in area (dbo:locatedInArea) | South Carolina (dbr:South_Carolina) |
| Glassy Mountain (South Carolina) (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Glassy_Mountain_(South_Carolina)>)     | located in area (dbo:locatedInArea) | South Carolina (dbr:South_Carolina) |
| Nanny Mountain (dbr:Nanny_Mountain)                                                                   | located in area (dbo:locatedInArea) | South Carolina (dbr:South_Carolina) |
| ...                                                                                | ...                                 | ...                                 |

[Assistant]
The property dbo:locatedInArea is used for some geographic features, but not for rivers or lakes in the previous examples. The property dbp:subdivisionName is more widely used for associating entities with South Carolina, but it is not guaranteed to be specific to rivers and lakes.

To ensure we count only rivers and lakes, let's use the rdf:type property to select entities of type dbo:River and dbo:Lake, and then filter those that have dbp:subdivisionName dbr:South_Carolina.

I'll write a SPARQL query to count the number of rivers and lakes in South Carolina using this approach.

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| riverCount   |
| ------------ |
| 30 (xsd:int) |

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| lakeCount   |
| ----------- |
| 0 (xsd:int) |

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| lakeCount   |
| ----------- |
| 2 (xsd:int) |

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| lakeCount   |
| ----------- |
| 0 (xsd:int) |

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| lakeCount   |
| ----------- |
| 0 (xsd:int) |

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| lakeCount   |
| ----------- |
| 2 (xsd:int) |

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| lakeCount   |
| ----------- |
| 0 (xsd:int) |

[Tool]
Got 2 rows and 1 column:
| lake                                                  |
| ----------------------------------------------------- |
| Lake Hartwell (dbr:Lake_Hartwell)                     |
| Richard B. Russell Lake (dbr:Richard_B._Russell_Lake) |

[Tool]
Got 30 rows and 1 column, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| river                                                                                |
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Ashepoo River (dbr:Ashepoo_River)                                                         |
| Black Mingo Creek (dbr:Black_Mingo_Creek)                                                 |
| Black River (South Carolina) (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Black_River_(South_Carolina)>) |
| Broad River (Carolinas) (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Broad_River_(Carolinas)>)           |
| Broad River (South Carolina) (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Broad_River_(South_Carolina)>) |
| ...                                                                                |
| Stono River (dbr:Stono_River)                                                             |
| Toxaway River (dbr:Toxaway_River)                                                         |
| Tyger River (dbr:Tyger_River)                                                             |
| Wando River (dbr:Wando_River)                                                             |
| Wateree River (dbr:Wateree_River)                                                         |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=refine):
The query attempts to count rivers and lakes in South Carolina, but it has a structural issue: the UNION clause merges the two patterns, so the counts are not independent. This means the counts may not be accurate, as the variables ?river and ?lake are not guaranteed to be bound in the same row. Instead, the query should use sub-SELECTs or separate patterns to count rivers and lakes independently. Additionally, the properties used (dbp:subdivisionName and dbp:location) may not be the most reliable or consistent for all rivers and lakes in DBpedia. Consider also using dbo:location or other relevant properties. The answer may be correct by coincidence, but the query structure should be improved for accuracy and robustness.

[Assistant]
Thank you for the feedback. You are correct: using UNION in this way can lead to incorrect counts, as the variables ?river and ?lake are not independently counted. Instead, I should use sub-SELECTs or a VALUES clause to count rivers and lakes independently, ensuring accuracy.

Additionally, I should consider multiple possible properties for associating rivers and lakes with South Carolina, such as dbp:subdivisionName, dbp:location, and dbo:location, since DBpedia data can be inconsistent.

Here’s my revised approach:
- For rivers: Count entities of type dbo:River that have either dbp:subdivisionName, dbp:location, or dbo:location set to dbr:South_Carolina.
- For lakes: Count entities of type dbo:Lake with the same property options.

I will use sub-SELECTs for independent counts.

Let me construct and execute the improved query.

[Tool]
Failed to call function execute:
failed to parse input: parse error at position 8 for token SELECT with content 'SELECT' (the input most likely does not follow the grammar)

[Assistant]
The DBpedia endpoint does not support sub-SELECTs in the SELECT clause. To work around this, I can use a VALUES clause to combine the results, or run two separate SELECT queries and combine the results in the answer.

I will first run the improved river count query, considering all three properties. Then, I will do the same for lakes.

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| riverCount   |
| ------------ |
| 31 (xsd:int) |

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| lakeCount   |
| ----------- |
| 5 (xsd:int) |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=retry):
The output is incorrect because the provided SPARQL queries are not valid: two SELECT queries are given together, which is not allowed in a single SPARQL request. Each query must be executed separately. Additionally, the answer is based on a query that failed to execute, so the numbers provided cannot be trusted. To improve, run each query separately and report both results. Optionally, combine the results in a single query using subqueries or by returning both counts in one SELECT statement if supported by the endpoint.

[Assistant]
Thank you for the feedback. You are correct: two SELECT queries cannot be combined in a single SPARQL request. I will run each query separately and then report both results together in the answer.

First, I will restate the approach:
- Count rivers of type dbo:River with any of dbp:subdivisionName, dbp:location, or dbo:location set to dbr:South_Carolina.
- Count lakes of type dbo:Lake with the same property options.

I have already executed these queries separately and received:
- Rivers: 31
- Lakes: 5

I will now provide the final answer, clearly stating the two separate queries and their results.

[Tool] Stopped generation process


PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX dbo: <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/>
PREFIX dbr: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/>
SELECT ?university ?universityLabel WHERE {
  dbr:Angela_Merkel dbo:almaMater ?university .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?university rdfs:label ?universityLabel .
    FILTER ( lang( ?universityLabel ) = 'en' )
  }
}

Got 2 rows and 2 columns:
| university                                                                      | universityLabel                           |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------- |
| German Academy of Sciences at Berlin (dbr:German_Academy_of_Sciences_at_Berlin) | German Academy of Sciences at Berlin (en) |
| Leipzig University (dbr:Leipzig_University)                                     | Leipzig University (en)                   |

Angela Merkel attended Leipzig University and the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
dbpedia at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/dbpedia

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
dbo: <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/
dbp: <http://dbpedia.org/property/
dbr: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
purl: <http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geosparql: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] Which university did Angela Merkel attend?

[Assistant]
Let's break down the question:

1. The entity is "Angela Merkel".
2. The property is "university attended" or "alma mater".

First, I'll search for "Angela Merkel" in DBpedia to find the correct entity.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Angela Merkel (dbr:Angela_Merkel): Angela Dorothea Merkel (née Kasner; born 17 July 1954) is a Germ... of the European Union and the most powerful woman in the world.
2. Angela Merkel (<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Angela_Merkel>)
3. Angela merkel (dbr:Angela_merkel)
4. Angela Dorothea Merkel (dbr:Angela_Dorothea_Merkel)
5. Angela Merkell (dbr:Angela_Merkell)
6. Angela D. Merkel (dbr:Angela_D._Merkel)
7. Angela Teflon Merkel (dbr:Angela_Teflon_Merkel)
8. Angela Kasner Merkel (dbr:Angela_Kasner_Merkel)
9. Angela K. Merkel (dbr:Angela_K._Merkel)
10. Family of Angela Merkel (dbr:Family_of_Angela_Merkel): The family of Angela Merkel, the Chancellor of Germany, is of Ge...a Merkel's family was extensively discussed in a 2013 biography.

[Assistant]
The most relevant entity for Angela Merkel is dbr:Angela_Merkel.

Next, I need to find the property for "university attended" or "alma mater". I'll search for properties related to "university" for this entity.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. office (dbp:office)
2. alma mater (dbo:almaMater): schools that they attended, educational institution, person
3. alma mater (dbp:almaMater)
4. chancellor (dbp:chancellor)
5. website (dbp:website)
6. state (dbp:state)
7. as (dbp:as)
8. s (dbp:s)
9. awards (dbp:awards)
10. chancellor link (dbp:chancellorLink)

No other items found

[Assistant]
The most relevant property for "university attended" is dbo:almaMater.

Now, I'll construct a SPARQL query to find the university (or universities) that Angela Merkel attended using dbo:almaMater. I'll also try to get the label of the university for readability.

[Tool]
Got 2 rows and 2 columns:
| university                                                                      | universityLabel                           |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------- |
| German Academy of Sciences at Berlin (dbr:German_Academy_of_Sciences_at_Berlin) | German Academy of Sciences at Berlin (en) |
| Leipzig University (dbr:Leipzig_University)                                     | Leipzig University (en)                   |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=done):
The SPARQL query correctly retrieves the IRIs of the universities attended by Angela Merkel using the dbo:almaMater property, and it optionally retrieves their English labels. The answer matches the query result, and the query follows all the specified rules. No further refinement is needed.