PREFIX fb: <http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
SELECT DISTINCT ?institution ?institutionLabel WHERE {
  fb:m.018t67 fb:people.person.education ?education .
  ?education fb:education.education.institution ?institution .
  ?institution fb:organization.organization.date_founded ?date .
  FILTER ( str( ?date ) < "1821" ) .
  ?institution rdfs:label ?institutionLabel .
  FILTER ( lang( ?institutionLabel ) = 'en' )
}

Got 1 row and 2 columns:
| institution                      | institutionLabel         |
| -------------------------------- | ------------------------ |
| Columbia University (fb:m.01w5m) | Columbia University (en) |

The college that Charles Drew attended which was founded before 1821 is Columbia University.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
freebase at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/freebase

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
fb: <http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/
fbkey: <http://rdf.freebase.com/key/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
schema: <http://schema.org/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geosparql: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] What is the college that was founded before 1821 which Charles Drew attended?

[Assistant] Let's start by looking at some similar examples.

[Tool]
Example 1:
Question:
What college did Charles Richard Drew go to that has the largest number of undergraduates?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  FILTER ( ?x != fb:m.018t67 ) FILTER ( ! isLiteral( ?x ) || lang( ?x ) = '' || langMatches( lang( ?x ) , 'en' ) ) fb:m.018t67 fb:people.person.education ?y .
  ?y fb:education.education.institution ?x .
  ?x fb:common.topic.notable_types fb:m.01y2hnl .
  ?x fb:education.university.number_of_undergraduates ?c .
  ?c fb:measurement_unit.dated_integer.number ?num .
}
ORDER BY DESC ( xsd:integer ( ?num ) )
LIMIT 1

Using entities:
Charles R. Drew, also known as Dr. Charles R. Drew, Charles Richard Drew (fb:m.018t67): Charles Richard Drew was an American physician, surgeon, and med... lacked scientific foundation, an action which cost him his job., has type Physician
College/University, also known as College, University (fb:m.01y2hnl): The College/University type is used for institutions that offer ...mation, please see the Freebase wiki page on College/University.

Using properties:
Notable types (fb:common.topic.notable_types): part of Topic schema, links to type Type
Institution (fb:education.education.institution): links to type Educational Institution, part of Education schema
Number of undergraduates (fb:education.university.number_of_undergraduates): part of College/University schema, links to type Dated Integer
number (fb:measurement_unit.dated_integer.number): part of Dated Integer schema, links to type Integer
Education (fb:people.person.education): links to type Education, part of Person schema

Example 2:
Question:
What college with less that 7814 undergraduates did Charles Richard Drew attend?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  FILTER ( ?x != fb:m.018t67 ) FILTER ( ! isLiteral( ?x ) || lang( ?x ) = '' || langMatches( lang( ?x ) , 'en' ) ) fb:m.018t67 fb:people.person.education ?y .
  ?y fb:education.education.institution ?x .
  ?x fb:common.topic.notable_types fb:m.01y2hnl .
  ?x fb:education.university.number_of_undergraduates ?c .
  ?c fb:measurement_unit.dated_integer.number ?num .
  FILTER ( xsd:integer ( ?num ) < 7814 ) .
}

Using entities:
Charles R. Drew, also known as Dr. Charles R. Drew, Charles Richard Drew (fb:m.018t67): Charles Richard Drew was an American physician, surgeon, and med... lacked scientific foundation, an action which cost him his job., has type Physician
College/University, also known as College, University (fb:m.01y2hnl): The College/University type is used for institutions that offer ...mation, please see the Freebase wiki page on College/University.

Using properties:
Notable types (fb:common.topic.notable_types): part of Topic schema, links to type Type
Institution (fb:education.education.institution): links to type Educational Institution, part of Education schema
Number of undergraduates (fb:education.university.number_of_undergraduates): part of College/University schema, links to type Dated Integer
number (fb:measurement_unit.dated_integer.number): part of Dated Integer schema, links to type Integer
Education (fb:people.person.education): links to type Education, part of Person schema

Example 3:
Question:
What college did Charles Richard Drew go to with the smallest number of undergraduates?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  FILTER ( ?x != fb:m.018t67 ) FILTER ( ! isLiteral( ?x ) || lang( ?x ) = '' || langMatches( lang( ?x ) , 'en' ) ) fb:m.018t67 fb:people.person.education ?y .
  ?y fb:education.education.institution ?x .
  ?x fb:common.topic.notable_types fb:m.01y2hnl .
  ?x fb:education.university.number_of_undergraduates ?c .
  ?c fb:measurement_unit.dated_integer.number ?num .
}
ORDER BY xsd:integer ( ?num )
LIMIT 1

Using entities:
Charles R. Drew, also known as Dr. Charles R. Drew, Charles Richard Drew (fb:m.018t67): Charles Richard Drew was an American physician, surgeon, and med... lacked scientific foundation, an action which cost him his job., has type Physician
College/University, also known as College, University (fb:m.01y2hnl): The College/University type is used for institutions that offer ...mation, please see the Freebase wiki page on College/University.

Using properties:
Notable types (fb:common.topic.notable_types): part of Topic schema, links to type Type
Institution (fb:education.education.institution): links to type Educational Institution, part of Education schema
Number of undergraduates (fb:education.university.number_of_undergraduates): part of College/University schema, links to type Dated Integer
number (fb:measurement_unit.dated_integer.number): part of Dated Integer schema, links to type Integer
Education (fb:people.person.education): links to type Education, part of Person schema

[Assistant]
From the examples, I see that Charles Richard Drew is represented as fb:m.018t67 in Freebase. The property for education is fb:people.person.education, and the institution attended is linked via fb:education.education.institution. Colleges or universities have the notable type fb:m.01y2hnl.

To answer the question, I need to:
1. Find the colleges Charles Drew attended.
2. Filter those colleges by their founding date to be before 1821.

Next, I will search for the founding date property of colleges/universities to see how it is represented in Freebase.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. Date founded (fb:freebase.apps.hosts.com.freebaseapps.topics.company.date_founded): links to type Date/Time, part of Company schema
2. Date Founded (fb:base.dance.dance_company.date_founded): part of Dance Company schema, links to type Date/Time
3. Date Founded (fb:medicine.hospital.date_founded): part of Hospital schema, links to type Date/Time
4. Date Founded (fb:base.iceandfire.noble_house.date_founded): part of Noble House schema, links to type Date/Time
5. Date founded (fb:user.dharmatech.default_domain.political_organization.date_founded): part of Political organization schema, links to type Date/Time
6. Date founded (fb:base.educationalshortfilm.studios_and_companies.date_founded): part of Studios and Companies schema, links to type Date/Time
7. Date founded (fb:film.film_festival.date_founded): part of Film festival schema, links to type Date/Time
8. Date founded (fb:education.department.date_founded): part of Department schema, links to type Date/Time
9. Date founded (fb:government.government_agency.date_founded): part of Government Agency schema, links to type Date/Time
10. Date Founded (fb:royalty.order_of_chivalry.date_founded): part of Order of Chivalry schema, links to type Date/Time

[Assistant]
I found several "Date founded" properties, but none explicitly for colleges or universities. I will check if colleges/universities have a property related to founding date or establishment date by searching properties of a college/university entity.

First, I will find an example college/university entity to explore its properties.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. College (fb:m.02p0qmm): A college is an educational institution or a constituent part of...rds trade qualifications, or a constituent part of a university., has type TV Genre
2. College (fb:m.02pytqn): College is a 2008 comedy starring Drake Bell, Andrew Caldwell, a... director Deb Hagan. It was released on August 29, 2008, by MGM., has type Film
3. College, also known as College, Alaska, Fairbanks North Star Borough / College CDP (fb:m.0qf4m): College is a census-designated place in Fairbanks North Star Bor...lice Department and Alaska State Troopers for police protection., has type US Census Designated Place
4. College, also known as Der Musterschüler (fb:m.0280pj7): College is a 1927 comedy-drama silent film directed by James W. ..., and starring Buster Keaton, Anne Cornwall, and Harold Goodwin., has type Film
5. College/University, also known as College, University (fb:m.01y2hnl): The College/University type is used for institutions that offer ...mation, please see the Freebase wiki page on College/University.
6. College, also known as Mitch Silver (fb:m.0dm81zk): College is a musical project from David Grellier, has type Musical Group
7. College (fb:m.04rdns): College is a subway station on the Yonge–University line in Toro...reet/Carlton Street. Wi-fi service is available at this station., has type Transit Stop
8. College (fb:m.0cdk62): "College" is the fifth episode of the first season of the HBO te...ed #2 on TV Guide's list of "TV's Top 100 Episodes of All Time"., Tony takes Meadow to Maine on a college tour.  While there, Tony...ves a visit from Father Phil and the two have a close encounter., has type TV Episode
9. College, also known as Spiegelei und Coca Cola (fb:m.02wwq49): College is a 1984 Italian film directed by Franco Castellano and Giuseppe Moccia. It stars Christian Vadim and Federica Moro., has type Film
10. College (fb:m.0g00rfp): "College" is the eighth episode of the fifth season of the Ameri...ave division that he is boss of and makes a startling discovery., Jack worries that GE's microwave sales have improved too much wi...Jack is the voice of an online dictionary's pronunciation guide., has type TV Episode

[Assistant] The entity fb:m.01y2hnl represents the type College/University. I will now search for properties of this entity related to founding date or establishment.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. Name (fb:type.object.name): part of Object schema, links to type Text
2. Type (fb:type.object.type): part of Object schema, links to type Type
3. Key (fb:type.object.key): part of Object schema, links to type Key
4. Also known as (fb:common.topic.alias): part of Topic schema, links to type Text
5. ID (fb:type.object.id): part of Object schema, links to type Id
6. Kind (fb:freebase.type_profile.kind): part of Type Profile schema, links to type Type Kind
7. Domain (fb:type.type.domain): links to type Domain, part of Type schema
8. Descriptive name (fb:base.descriptive_names.names.descriptive_name): links to type Plural form, part of Names schema

No other items found

[Assistant]
There is no direct property for founding date for the College/University type fb:m.01y2hnl. I will try to find an example college/university that Charles Drew attended and check its properties to see if it has a founding date or similar property.

First, I will find the education institutions Charles Drew attended.

[Tool]
Got 5 rows and 1 column:
| institution                                         |
| --------------------------------------------------- |
| Columbia University (fb:m.01w5m)                    |
| Dunbar High School (fb:m.025wt09)                   |
| McGill University (fb:m.052nd)                      |
| McGill University Faculty of Medicine (fb:m.0b5fng) |
| Amherst College (fb:m.0gdm1)                        |

[Assistant]
Charles Drew attended several institutions including Columbia University (fb:m.01w5m), Dunbar High School (fb:m.025wt09), McGill University (fb:m.052nd), McGill University Faculty of Medicine (fb:m.0b5fng), and Amherst College (fb:m.0gdm1).

I will now check the founding date or similar property of these institutions, starting with Columbia University.

[Tool]
Got 7,968 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject                          | property                                                            | object                                                                   |
| -------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| Columbia University (fb:m.01w5m) | Type (fb:type.object.type)                                          | Topic (fb:common.topic)                                                  |
| Columbia University (fb:m.01w5m) | Key (fb:type.object.key)                                            | /authority/daylife/topic/0e2K7VTeJI46p                                   |
| Columbia University (fb:m.01w5m) | Name (fb:type.object.name)                                          | Columbia Egyetem (hu)                                                    |
| Columbia University (fb:m.01w5m) | Topic equivalent webpage (fb:common.topic.topic_equivalent_webpage) | <http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%2C%27%45%39%29_%43%48%44%48%45%28%4A%27>  |
| Columbia University (fb:m.01w5m) | Notable for (fb:common.topic.notable_for)                           | fb:g.1255thz1v                                                           |
| Columbia University (fb:m.01w5m) | Notable types (fb:common.topic.notable_types)                       | College/University (fb:m.01y2hnl)                                        |
| Columbia University (fb:m.01w5m) | Description (fb:common.topic.description)                           | A Columbia Egyetem az Egyesült Á...e Manhattan közelében található. (hu) |
| Columbia University (fb:m.01w5m) | Article (fb:common.topic.article)                                   | fb:m.01w5y                                                               |
| Columbia University (fb:m.01w5m) | Also known as (fb:common.topic.alias)                               | Columbia U (en)                                                          |
| Columbia University (fb:m.01w5m) | Has value (fb:freebase.valuenotation.has_value)                     | International tuition (fb:m.0h5tn32)                                     |
| ...                              | ...                                                                 | ...                                                                      |

[Assistant] Columbia University has many properties but I did not see a direct founding date property in the first 10 rows. I will specifically look for properties related to date or founded for Columbia University.

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 3 columns:
| subject                          | property                                        | object                               |
| -------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------ |
| Columbia University (fb:m.01w5m) | Has value (fb:freebase.valuenotation.has_value) | International tuition (fb:m.0h5tn32) |

[Assistant] The property fb:freebase.valuenotation.has_value does not seem to relate to founding date. I will try searching for properties related to "established" or "founded" for Columbia University.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. Date founded (fb:organization.organization.date_founded): part of Organization schema, links to type Date/Time
2. Organizations founded (fb:organization.organization_founder.organizations_founded): part of Organization founder schema, links to type Organization
3. Named after (fb:symbols.namesake.named_after): links to type Name source, part of Namesake schema
4. Originator_of (fb:base.jewlib.original_owner.originator_of): part of Originator of Jewish Studies Collection schema, links to type Jewish Studies Collection
5. Member of (fb:organization.organization_member.member_of): links to type Organization membership, part of Organization member schema
6. Headquarters (fb:organization.organization.headquarters): part of Organization schema, links to type Address
7. Also known as (fb:common.topic.alias): part of Topic schema, links to type Text
8. Leadership (fb:organization.organization.leadership): links to type Organization leadership, part of Organization schema
9. Name (fb:type.object.name): part of Object schema, links to type Text
10. Endowment (fb:organization.endowed_organization.endowment): part of Endowed Organization schema, links to type Dated Money Value

No other items found

[Assistant]
Columbia University has a property "Date founded" (fb:organization.organization.date_founded) which is part of the Organization schema and links to Date/Time. This seems to be the property for the founding date.

I will now query the founding date of Columbia University.

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| date             |
| ---------------- |
| 1754 (xsd:gYear) |

[Assistant]
Columbia University was founded in 1754.

I will now check the founding dates of the other institutions Charles Drew attended to find which were founded before 1821.

[Tool]
Got 4 rows and 2 columns:
| institution                                         | date             |
| --------------------------------------------------- | ---------------- |
| Dunbar High School (fb:m.025wt09)                   | 1870 (xsd:gYear) |
| McGill University (fb:m.052nd)                      | 1821 (xsd:gYear) |
| McGill University Faculty of Medicine (fb:m.0b5fng) | 1829 (xsd:gYear) |
| Amherst College (fb:m.0gdm1)                        | 1821 (xsd:gYear) |

[Assistant]
The founding dates of the institutions Charles Drew attended are:
- Dunbar High School: 1870
- McGill University: 1821
- McGill University Faculty of Medicine: 1829
- Amherst College: 1821

Only Columbia University was founded before 1821 (in 1754).

I will now formulate the final query to return the college(s) Charles Drew attended that were founded before 1821.

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=retry):
The SPARQL query did not return any results, indicating that either the data about Charles Drew's education or the founding dates of the institutions he attended are missing or not correctly linked in the knowledge graph. The query correctly filters institutions founded before 1821, but since no results were found, it suggests that the data might be incomplete or the query needs adjustment. To improve, consider verifying the entity for Charles Drew and the properties used for education and founding date. Also, check if the founding date is stored in a different format or property. Additionally, it might help to include optional retrieval of institution labels for clarity and to confirm the institutions retrieved. The answer provided (Columbia University) is historically accurate, but the query should be refined to successfully retrieve this from the knowledge graph.

[Assistant]
Thank you for the feedback. I will refine the query to include optional retrieval of institution labels for clarity and verify the data format for founding dates. I will also check if the founding date is stored as a literal or in a nested structure. Additionally, I will confirm the entity for Charles Drew and the properties used for education and founding date.

First, I will check the data type and structure of the founding date for Columbia University again with label included.

[Tool]
Got 43 rows and 2 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| date             | dateLabel                  |
| ---------------- | -------------------------- |
| 1754 (xsd:gYear) | Columbia Egyetem (hu)      |
| 1754 (xsd:gYear) | Columbian yliopisto (fi)   |
| 1754 (xsd:gYear) | Columbia ülikool (et)      |
| 1754 (xsd:gYear) | Columbia-universiteit (nl) |
| 1754 (xsd:gYear) | Columbia Üniversitesi (tr) |
| ...              | ...                        |
| 1754 (xsd:gYear) | มหาวิทยาลัยโคลัมเบีย (th)  |
| 1754 (xsd:gYear) | 컬럼비아 대학교 (ko)              |
| 1754 (xsd:gYear) | コロンビア大学 (ja)               |
| 1754 (xsd:gYear) | 哥伦比亚大学 (zh)                |
| 1754 (xsd:gYear) | 哥倫比亞大學 (zh-Hant)           |

[Assistant]
The founding date for Columbia University is stored as a literal of type xsd:gYear (1754). The labels retrieved are in various languages.

Next, I will refine the query to include labels for the institutions Charles Drew attended and check the founding dates with a filter for dates before 1821. I will also add a check to ensure the date is a literal and cast it to integer for comparison.

[Tool] Got no rows and 3 columns

[Assistant]
The query still returns no results, indicating that the founding date might not be directly linked to the institution in the expected way or the date might be stored differently.

I will try a different approach:
1. Retrieve all institutions Charles Drew attended with their founding dates (if any).
2. Include labels for clarity.
3. Check the data for any variations in the founding date property or format.

This will help identify if the founding date property is missing or stored differently for some institutions.

[Tool]
Got 5 rows and 3 columns:
| institution                                         | institutionLabel                           | date             |
| --------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------ | ---------------- |
| Columbia University (fb:m.01w5m)                    | Columbia University (en)                   | 1754 (xsd:gYear) |
| Dunbar High School (fb:m.025wt09)                   | Dunbar High School (en)                    | 1870 (xsd:gYear) |
| McGill University (fb:m.052nd)                      | McGill University (en)                     | 1821 (xsd:gYear) |
| McGill University Faculty of Medicine (fb:m.0b5fng) | McGill University Faculty of Medicine (en) | 1829 (xsd:gYear) |
| Amherst College (fb:m.0gdm1)                        | Amherst College (en)                       | 1821 (xsd:gYear) |

[Assistant]
The institutions Charles Drew attended and their founding dates are:
- Columbia University: 1754
- Dunbar High School: 1870
- McGill University: 1821
- McGill University Faculty of Medicine: 1829
- Amherst College: 1821

Only Columbia University was founded before 1821.

I will now finalize the query to return the institution(s) Charles Drew attended that were founded before 1821, including their English labels.

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=retry):
The SPARQL query did not return any results, indicating that either the data about Charles Drew's education or the founding dates of the institutions he attended are not present or not correctly linked in the knowledge graph. The query correctly tries to find institutions Charles Drew attended and filters those founded before 1821, but since no results were found, the answer 'Columbia University' is not supported by the query result. The system should re-examine the data for Charles Drew's educational institutions and their founding dates, possibly relaxing or adjusting the date filter or verifying the entity and property usage. Additionally, it should ensure that the institution labels are retrieved correctly and consider that the founding date might be stored in a different format or property. The answer should only be given if the query returns a matching institution.

[Assistant]
Thank you for the feedback. Since the previous queries did not return results when filtering by founding date less than 1821, I will try a different approach to verify the data and the date format.

I will:
1. Retrieve all institutions Charles Drew attended with their founding dates and labels.
2. Retrieve the founding dates as strings to check their format.
3. Avoid casting to integer and instead use string comparison or no filter initially to inspect the data.

This will help understand if the founding date is stored in a way that prevents filtering or if there is missing data.

I will start by retrieving all institutions Charles Drew attended with their founding dates and labels without any filter.

[Tool]
Got 5 rows and 3 columns:
| institution                                         | institutionLabel                           | date             |
| --------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------ | ---------------- |
| Columbia University (fb:m.01w5m)                    | Columbia University (en)                   | 1754 (xsd:gYear) |
| Dunbar High School (fb:m.025wt09)                   | Dunbar High School (en)                    | 1870 (xsd:gYear) |
| McGill University (fb:m.052nd)                      | McGill University (en)                     | 1821 (xsd:gYear) |
| McGill University Faculty of Medicine (fb:m.0b5fng) | McGill University Faculty of Medicine (en) | 1829 (xsd:gYear) |
| Amherst College (fb:m.0gdm1)                        | Amherst College (en)                       | 1821 (xsd:gYear) |

[Assistant]
The data shows the founding dates as xsd:gYear literals for the institutions Charles Drew attended. The dates are: Columbia University (1754), Dunbar High School (1870), McGill University (1821), McGill University Faculty of Medicine (1829), and Amherst College (1821).

Since the dates are stored as xsd:gYear literals, the previous integer casting filter might not work as expected in the knowledge graph.

I will now try to filter the founding dates using a string comparison to find institutions founded before 1821.

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 2 columns:
| institution                      | institutionLabel         |
| -------------------------------- | ------------------------ |
| Columbia University (fb:m.01w5m) | Columbia University (en) |

[Tool] Stopped generation process


PREFIX fb: <http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
SELECT DISTINCT ?placeOfBirth ?placeOfBirthLabel WHERE {
  ?speaker fb:event.public_speaker.speeches_or_presentations ?speech .
  ?speech fb:event.speech_or_presentation.speech_topic fb:m.04lxyz0 .
  ?speaker fb:people.person.place_of_birth ?placeOfBirth .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?placeOfBirth rdfs:label ?placeOfBirthLabel .
    FILTER ( lang( ?placeOfBirthLabel ) = 'en' )
  }
}

Got 1 row and 2 columns:
| placeOfBirth           | placeOfBirthLabel |
| ---------------------- | ----------------- |
| Brookline (fb:m.0p9z5) | Brookline (en)    |

The knowledge graph does not have a specific property for where the public speaker was raised or their hometown. Therefore, using place of birth as a proxy, the public speaker known for speaking against Anti-Apartheid was raised in Brookline.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
freebase at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/freebase

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
fb: <http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/
fbkey: <http://rdf.freebase.com/key/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
schema: <http://schema.org/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geosparql: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] Where was the public speaker, known for speaking against Anti-Apartheid, raised?

[Assistant] Let's start by looking at some similar examples.

[Tool]
Example 1:
Question:
What religion was practiced by the public speaker who spoke about Anti-Apartheid?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  FILTER ( ?x != ?c ) FILTER ( ! isLiteral( ?x ) || lang( ?x ) = '' || langMatches( lang( ?x ) , 'en' ) ) ?c fb:event.public_speaker.speeches_or_presentations ?k .
  ?k fb:event.speech_or_presentation.speech_topic fb:m.04lxyz0 .
  ?c fb:base.popstra.celebrity.religion ?y .
  ?y fb:base.popstra.religion_choice.religion ?x .
}

Using entities:
Anti-Apartheid (fb:m.04lxyz0): has type Literature Subject

Using properties:
Religion (fb:base.popstra.celebrity.religion): links to type Religion Choice, part of Celebrity schema
Religion (fb:base.popstra.religion_choice.religion): part of Religion Choice schema, links to type Religion
Speeches or presentations (fb:event.public_speaker.speeches_or_presentations): links to type Speech or presentation, part of Public speaker schema
Speech subject (fb:event.speech_or_presentation.speech_topic): part of Speech or presentation schema, links to type Speech topic

Example 2:
Question:
Where is the burial site of the public speaker who spoke about Anti-Apartheid?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  FILTER ( ?x != ?c ) FILTER ( ! isLiteral( ?x ) || lang( ?x ) = '' || langMatches( lang( ?x ) , 'en' ) ) ?c fb:event.public_speaker.speeches_or_presentations ?k .
  ?k fb:event.speech_or_presentation.speech_topic fb:m.04lxyz0 .
  ?c fb:people.deceased_person.place_of_burial ?x .
}

Using entities:
Anti-Apartheid (fb:m.04lxyz0): has type Literature Subject

Using properties:
Speeches or presentations (fb:event.public_speaker.speeches_or_presentations): links to type Speech or presentation, part of Public speaker schema
Speech subject (fb:event.speech_or_presentation.speech_topic): part of Speech or presentation schema, links to type Speech topic
Place of burial (fb:people.deceased_person.place_of_burial): links to type Place of interment, part of Deceased Person schema

Example 3:
Question:
In which city was the Anti-Apartheid speaker shot?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  FILTER ( ?x != ?c ) FILTER ( ! isLiteral( ?x ) || lang( ?x ) = '' || langMatches( lang( ?x ) , 'en' ) ) ?c fb:event.public_speaker.speeches_or_presentations ?k .
  ?k fb:event.speech_or_presentation.speech_topic fb:m.04lxyz0 .
  ?c fb:people.deceased_person.place_of_death ?x .
}

Using entities:
Anti-Apartheid (fb:m.04lxyz0): has type Literature Subject

Using properties:
Speeches or presentations (fb:event.public_speaker.speeches_or_presentations): links to type Speech or presentation, part of Public speaker schema
Speech subject (fb:event.speech_or_presentation.speech_topic): part of Speech or presentation schema, links to type Speech topic
Place of death (fb:people.deceased_person.place_of_death): part of Deceased Person schema, links to type Location

[Assistant]
From the examples, I see that the entity for Anti-Apartheid is fb:m.04lxyz0 and the property for speeches or presentations of a public speaker is fb:event.public_speaker.speeches_or_presentations. The speech topic property is fb:event.speech_or_presentation.speech_topic.

To find where the public speaker known for speaking against Anti-Apartheid was raised, I need to find a property related to "place raised" or "place of upbringing" for the public speaker entity.

I will now search for properties of a public speaker entity related to "raised" or "upbringing" to find the appropriate property.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Public speaker (fb:event.public_speaker)
2. Public speaker (fb:m.01qdsm): has type Profession
3. Public speaker (fb:m.05kp361): Anyone who has given a speech or made a public presentation, inc...rmons, political orations, commencement speeches, eulogies, etc.
4. Public Speaker (fb:m.0fvytyt): has type Musical Recording
5. Public Speaker (fb:m.0d_9y68): has type Musical Recording
6. Public speaker (fb:m.05kp36g)
7. Public Speaker (fb:m.0v5j415)
8. Public Speaker (fb:m.012tncg2)
9. Public Speaker (fb:m.0m0m4_3)
10. Public Speaker (fb:m.0mtttkt)

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. Name (fb:type.object.name): part of Object schema, links to type Text
2. Type (fb:type.object.type): part of Object schema, links to type Type

No other items found

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. Name (fb:type.object.name): part of Object schema, links to type Text
2. Type (fb:type.object.type): part of Object schema, links to type Type
3. Instance (fb:type.type.instance): links to type Object, part of Type schema

No other items found

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. Place of birth (fb:base.iraqimusicbase.iraqi_person.place_of_birth): part of iraqi person schema, links to type Text
2. Place of Birth (fb:biology.organism.place_of_birth): part of Organism schema, links to type Location
3. Place of Birth (fb:fictional_universe.fictional_character.place_of_birth): part of Fictional Character schema, links to type Fictional Setting
4. Place of birth (fb:people.person.place_of_birth): links to type Location, part of Person schema
5. Date of Birth (fb:base.iceandfire.person.date_of_birth): links to type Date/Time, part of Person schema
6. Date of birth (fb:base.patienthealthrecord.profile.date_of_birth): part of phr Patient schema, links to type Day Of Year
7. Date of birth (fb:base.iraqimusicbase.iraqi_person.date_of_birth): part of iraqi person schema, links to type Date/Time
8. Date of birth (fb:base.battlestargalactica.character.date_of_birth): links to type Colonial date-time, part of Character schema
9. Date of birth (fb:user.bugs.default_domain.x.date_of_birth): links to type Date/Time, part of 非义务教育 schema
10. Date of Birth (fb:base.sportbase.sport_club_coach.date_of_birth): part of Sport Club Coach schema, links to type Date/Time

[Assistant]
I found that the property for place of birth for a person is fb:people.person.place_of_birth. Since "raised" is not directly found as a property, place of birth might be the closest available property to indicate where the public speaker was raised.

I will now build a SPARQL query to find the place of birth of public speakers who spoke about Anti-Apartheid (fb:m.04lxyz0).

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| placeOfBirth           |
| ---------------------- |
| Brookline (fb:m.0p9z5) |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=refine):
The SPARQL query retrieves the place of birth of the public speaker who spoke against Anti-Apartheid, but the user asked where the speaker was raised, which may not be the same as place of birth. The query should be refined to use a property that indicates where the person was raised or grew up, if such a property exists in the knowledge graph. If no such property exists, the answer should clarify that the place of birth is used as a proxy. Additionally, the query currently returns only the identifier of the place of birth; it would be better to also optionally retrieve the label of the place for better readability.

[Assistant]
Thank you for the feedback. I will first try to find a property that indicates where a person was raised or grew up in the knowledge graph. If such a property does not exist, I will clarify in the answer that place of birth is used as a proxy for where the speaker was raised. Additionally, I will modify the query to also optionally retrieve the label of the place for better readability.

I will start by searching for properties related to "raised" or "upbringing" for a person entity.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. Name (fb:type.object.name): part of Object schema, links to type Text
2. Type (fb:type.object.type): part of Object schema, links to type Type

No other items found

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. Type (fb:type.object.type): part of Object schema, links to type Type
2. Instance (fb:type.type.instance): links to type Object, part of Type schema
3. Name (fb:type.object.name): part of Object schema, links to type Text

No other items found

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. Name (fb:type.object.name): part of Object schema, links to type Text
2. Instance (fb:type.type.instance): links to type Object, part of Type schema
3. Type (fb:type.object.type): part of Object schema, links to type Type

No other items found

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. Name (fb:type.object.name): part of Object schema, links to type Text
2. Type (fb:type.object.type): part of Object schema, links to type Type
3. Instance (fb:type.type.instance): links to type Object, part of Type schema

No other items found

[Assistant]
There is no specific property for where a person was raised or their upbringing in the knowledge graph. Therefore, I will use place of birth as a proxy for where the public speaker was raised and clarify this in the answer.

I will also modify the SPARQL query to optionally retrieve the label of the place of birth for better readability.

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 2 columns:
| placeOfBirth           | placeOfBirthLabel |
| ---------------------- | ----------------- |
| Brookline (fb:m.0p9z5) | Brookline (en)    |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=refine):
The SPARQL query correctly identifies the place of birth of the public speaker who spoke against Anti-Apartheid as Brookline. However, the question specifically asks where the speaker was raised, which is not necessarily the same as the place of birth. The query uses place of birth as a proxy for where the speaker was raised, but this assumption should be explicitly mentioned in the answer. Additionally, the query could be improved by checking if there is a property for 'place raised' or 'hometown' in the knowledge graph to provide a more accurate answer. If such a property does not exist, the current approach is acceptable but should be clarified in the answer.

[Assistant] I understand the importance of explicitly mentioning the assumption that place of birth is used as a proxy for where the speaker was raised. I have already checked for properties like "place raised" or "hometown" in the knowledge graph and found none. Therefore, I will finalize the answer with a clear explanation that place of birth is used as a proxy for the place where the public speaker known for speaking against Anti-Apartheid was raised, and provide the place of birth with its label for clarity.

[Tool] Stopped generation process


PREFIX fb: <http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
SELECT DISTINCT ?language ?languageLabel WHERE {
  fb:m.027rn fb:location.country.languages_spoken ?language .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?language rdfs:label ?languageLabel .
    FILTER ( lang( ?languageLabel ) = 'en' )
  }
}

Got 3 rows and 2 columns:
| language                      | languageLabel         |
| ----------------------------- | --------------------- |
| Haitian Creole (fb:m.02dhwl)  | Haitian Creole (en)   |
| Samaná English (fb:m.06jsg0)  | Samaná English (en)   |
| Spanish Language (fb:m.06nm1) | Spanish Language (en) |

The language spoken in the Dominican Republic with initials 'hat' is Haitian Creole.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
freebase at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/freebase

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
fb: <http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/
fbkey: <http://rdf.freebase.com/key/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
schema: <http://schema.org/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geosparql: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] What language is spoken in the Dominican Republic with initials hat?

[Assistant] Let's start by looking at some similar examples.

[Tool]
Example 1:
Question:
What is the official language of the country whose currency is the Dominican peso?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  FILTER ( ?x != ?c ) FILTER ( ! isLiteral( ?x ) || lang( ?x ) = '' || langMatches( lang( ?x ) , 'en' ) ) ?c fb:location.country.currency_used fb:m.04lt7_ .
  ?c fb:location.country.official_language ?x .
}

Using entities:
Dominican peso (fb:m.04lt7_): The Dominican peso is the currency of the Dominican Republic. It...public for all monetary transactions, whether public or private., has type Currency

Using properties:
Currency Used (fb:location.country.currency_used): links to type Currency, part of Country schema
Official Language (fb:location.country.official_language): links to type Human Language, part of Country schema

Example 2:
Question:
Which language is the official tongue of the country whose capital is located in Santo Domingo?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  FILTER ( ?x != ?c ) FILTER ( ! isLiteral( ?x ) || lang( ?x ) = '' || langMatches( lang( ?x ) , 'en' ) ) ?c fb:location.country.capital fb:m.0fthl .
  ?c fb:location.country.official_language ?x .
}

Using entities:
Santo Domingo, also known as Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic (fb:m.0fthl): Santo Domingo, known officially as Santo Domingo de Guzmán, is t...ng his assassination, the city resumed its original designation., has type City/Town/Village

Using properties:
Capital (fb:location.country.capital): links to type City/Town/Village, part of Country schema
Official Language (fb:location.country.official_language): links to type Human Language, part of Country schema

Example 3:
Question:
In the country that includes the location, Puntarenas Province speak which languages?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  FILTER ( ?x != ?c ) FILTER ( ! isLiteral( ?x ) || lang( ?x ) = '' || langMatches( lang( ?x ) , 'en' ) ) ?c fb:location.country.administrative_divisions fb:m.02p71s .
  ?c fb:location.country.languages_spoken ?x .
}

Using entities:
Puntarenas Province, also known as Puntarenas, Provincia De Puntarenas (fb:m.02p71s): Puntarenas is a province of Costa Rica. It is located in the wes...ela, San José and Limón, and the neighbouring country of Panama., has type Administrative Division

Using properties:
Administrative Divisions (fb:location.country.administrative_divisions): links to type Administrative Division, part of Country schema
Languages spoken (fb:location.country.languages_spoken): links to type Human Language, part of Country schema

[Assistant]
From the examples, we see that the property fb:location.country.languages_spoken or fb:location.country.official_language can be used to find languages spoken in a country. We need to find the entity for the Dominican Republic and then find the languages spoken there. After that, we will filter the languages to find the one with initials "hat."

First, let's find the entity for the Dominican Republic.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Dominican Republic, also known as República Dominicana (fb:m.027rn): The Dominican Republic is a country on the island of Hispaniola,...y removed by the Haitian government and Dominican slave revolts., has type Country
2. Dominican Republic (fb:m.086c_78): has type Book Edition
3. Dominican Republic (fb:m.0ybwyw7): has type Musical Recording
4. Dominican Republic (fb:m.05dln_l): Grylls has some tips on how to survive the hurricane season and he also eats a tarantula to survive, has type TV Episode
5. Dominican Republic (fb:m.07mqzhw): A woman wants to find a house on the beach in the Dominican Republic., has type TV Episode
6. Dominican Republic, also known as TBD (fb:m.0n4tbww): Nearing toward the end of his final tour, Anthony Bourdain trave...the Caribbean for fresh fish and more in the Dominican Republic., has type TV Episode
7. Dominican Republic (fb:m.0116kn3q): Andi travels to the Dominican Republic where she spends intimate time with each of the three remaining bachelors., has type TV Episode
8. Dominican Republic (fb:m.0qdxlv): has type Musical Recording
9. Dominican Republic (fb:m.07lbffk): has type TV Episode
10. Dominican Republic (fb:m.011nglc8): The Dominican Republic offers perhaps the most exotic adventure experience in the Caribbean., has type TV Episode

[Assistant] The entity for the Dominican Republic as a country is fb:m.027rn. Now, let's find the languages spoken in the Dominican Republic using the property fb:location.country.languages_spoken.

[Tool]
Got 3 rows and 2 columns:
| language                      | languageLabel         |
| ----------------------------- | --------------------- |
| Haitian Creole (fb:m.02dhwl)  | Haitian Creole (en)   |
| Samaná English (fb:m.06jsg0)  | Samaná English (en)   |
| Spanish Language (fb:m.06nm1) | Spanish Language (en) |

[Assistant]
The languages spoken in the Dominican Republic include Haitian Creole, Samaná English, and Spanish Language. The language with the initials "hat" is Haitian Creole.

I will now provide the final answer.

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=done):
The answer correctly identifies Haitian Creole as the language spoken in the Dominican Republic with the initials 'hat'. The SPARQL query retrieves all languages spoken in the Dominican Republic and their English labels, which is appropriate for the question. The execution result includes Haitian Creole, confirming the answer. The query and answer are accurate and complete.


PREFIX fb: <http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
SELECT DISTINCT ?language ?languageLabel WHERE {
  ?place fb:location.country.languages_spoken fb:m.0c4chg .
  ?place fb:location.country.languages_spoken ?language .
  FILTER ( ?language != fb:m.0c4chg ) OPTIONAL {
    ?language rdfs:label ?languageLabel FILTER ( lang( ?languageLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}

Got 8 rows and 2 columns:
| language                                       | languageLabel                         |
| ---------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------- |
| Siwi Language (fb:m.012zfy)                    | Siwi Language (en)                    |
| Modern Standard Arabic (fb:m.025rvv7)          | Modern Standard Arabic (en)           |
| Egyptian Arabic (fb:m.02hx2cr)                 | Egyptian Arabic (en)                  |
| Sa'idi Arabic (fb:m.02hxbhg)                   | Sa'idi Arabic (en)                    |
| Arabic, Sudanese Spoken Language (fb:m.035t_3) | Arabic, Sudanese Spoken Language (en) |
| Bedawi Arabic (fb:m.03wc2kf)                   | Bedawi Arabic (en)                    |
| Nobiin Language (fb:m.051bnt)                  | Nobiin Language (en)                  |
| Arabic Language (fb:m.0jzc)                    | Arabic Language (en)                  |

The languages spoken in the place that also speaks Domari include Siwi Language, Modern Standard Arabic, Egyptian Arabic, Sa'idi Arabic, Arabic (Sudanese Spoken Language), Bedawi Arabic, Nobiin Language, and Arabic Language.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
freebase at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/freebase

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
fb: <http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/
fbkey: <http://rdf.freebase.com/key/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
schema: <http://schema.org/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geosparql: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] What language is spoken in the place that also speaks Domari?

[Assistant] Let's start by looking at some similar examples.

[Tool]
Example 1:
Question:
What other language does the country that speaks Domari speak?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  FILTER ( ?x != ?c ) FILTER ( ! isLiteral( ?x ) || lang( ?x ) = '' || langMatches( lang( ?x ) , 'en' ) ) ?c fb:location.country.languages_spoken fb:m.0c4chg .
  ?c fb:location.country.official_language ?x .
}

Using entities:
Domari Language, also known as Tsigene, Dom, Near-eastern Gypsy, Nawari, Nawar (fb:m.0c4chg): Domari is an Indo-Aryan language, spoken by older Dom people sca... historical and dialectological evaluation of secondary sources., has type Human Language

Using properties:
Languages spoken (fb:location.country.languages_spoken): links to type Human Language, part of Country schema
Official Language (fb:location.country.official_language): links to type Human Language, part of Country schema

Example 2:
Question:
What other languages are spoken in the country that has Domari as its spoken language?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  FILTER ( ?x != ?c ) FILTER ( ! isLiteral( ?x ) || lang( ?x ) = '' || langMatches( lang( ?x ) , 'en' ) ) ?c fb:location.country.languages_spoken fb:m.0c4chg .
  ?c fb:location.country.languages_spoken ?x .
}

Using entities:
Domari Language, also known as Tsigene, Dom, Near-eastern Gypsy, Nawari, Nawar (fb:m.0c4chg): Domari is an Indo-Aryan language, spoken by older Dom people sca... historical and dialectological evaluation of secondary sources., has type Human Language

Using properties:
Languages spoken (fb:location.country.languages_spoken): links to type Human Language, part of Country schema

Example 3:
Question:
What languages are also spoken in the place where Domari Language is used?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  FILTER ( ?x != ?c ) FILTER ( ! isLiteral( ?x ) || lang( ?x ) = '' || langMatches( lang( ?x ) , 'en' ) ) ?c fb:location.country.languages_spoken fb:m.0c4chg .
  ?c fb:location.country.official_language ?x .
}

Using entities:
Domari Language, also known as Tsigene, Dom, Near-eastern Gypsy, Nawari, Nawar (fb:m.0c4chg): Domari is an Indo-Aryan language, spoken by older Dom people sca... historical and dialectological evaluation of secondary sources., has type Human Language

Using properties:
Languages spoken (fb:location.country.languages_spoken): links to type Human Language, part of Country schema
Official Language (fb:location.country.official_language): links to type Human Language, part of Country schema

[Assistant]
From the similar examples, it appears that the entity for Domari language is fb:m.0c4chg and the property for languages spoken in a place is fb:location.country.languages_spoken. The question asks for the language spoken in the place that also speaks Domari, so we need to find places that speak Domari and then find other languages spoken in those places.

I will first verify the entity for Domari language by searching for it.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Domari Language, also known as Tsigene, Dom, Near-eastern Gypsy, Nawari, Nawar (fb:m.0c4chg): Domari is an Indo-Aryan language, spoken by older Dom people sca... historical and dialectological evaluation of secondary sources., has type Human Language
2. Domari (fb:m.05tpyll)
3. Domari (fb:m.05tpy19)
4. Domari (fb:m.05tpw53)
5. Domari (fb:m.05tpjhh)
6. Domari (fb:m.05tpggy)
7. Domari (fb:m.05tp87t)
8. Domari (fb:m.05tp4cs)
9. Domari (fb:m.05tnw2r)
10. Domari (fb:m.05tntk8)

[Assistant] The entity for Domari language is confirmed as fb:m.0c4chg. Now I will query for the languages spoken in the place that also speaks Domari. I will look for places (countries or other locations) that have Domari as a spoken language and then find other languages spoken in those places.

[Tool]
Got 8 rows and 2 columns:
| language                                       | languageLabel                         |
| ---------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------- |
| Siwi Language (fb:m.012zfy)                    | Siwi Language (en)                    |
| Modern Standard Arabic (fb:m.025rvv7)          | Modern Standard Arabic (en)           |
| Egyptian Arabic (fb:m.02hx2cr)                 | Egyptian Arabic (en)                  |
| Sa'idi Arabic (fb:m.02hxbhg)                   | Sa'idi Arabic (en)                    |
| Arabic, Sudanese Spoken Language (fb:m.035t_3) | Arabic, Sudanese Spoken Language (en) |
| Bedawi Arabic (fb:m.03wc2kf)                   | Bedawi Arabic (en)                    |
| Nobiin Language (fb:m.051bnt)                  | Nobiin Language (en)                  |
| Arabic Language (fb:m.0jzc)                    | Arabic Language (en)                  |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=done):
The SPARQL query correctly identifies the place(s) where Domari is spoken and retrieves the other languages spoken in that place, excluding Domari itself. The query uses the property 'languages_spoken' linked to the country of the place, which is appropriate for this question. The result includes relevant languages spoken alongside Domari. The query also optionally retrieves English labels for the languages, which is helpful for readability. The answer is complete and accurate based on the query results. No further refinement is necessary.


PREFIX xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>
PREFIX fb: <http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
SELECT DISTINCT ?country ?countryLabel ?regionLabel WHERE {
  ?country fb:common.topic.notable_types fb:m.01mp .
  ?country fb:location.country.iso_numeric ?iso .
  FILTER ( xsd:integer ( ?iso ) = 100 ) .
  fb:m.09b69 fb:location.location.contains ?country .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?country rdfs:label ?countryLabel
  }
  OPTIONAL {
    fb:m.09b69 rdfs:label ?regionLabel
  }
}

Got 1,760 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| country               | countryLabel   | regionLabel         |
| --------------------- | -------------- | ------------------- |
| Bulgaria (fb:m.015qh) | Bolgarija (sl) | Austrumeiropa (lv)  |
| Bulgaria (fb:m.015qh) | Bolgarija (sl) | Doğu Avrupa (tr)    |
| Bulgaria (fb:m.015qh) | Bolgarija (sl) | Đông Âu (vi)        |
| Bulgaria (fb:m.015qh) | Bolgarija (sl) | Eastern Europe (en) |
| Bulgaria (fb:m.015qh) | Bolgarija (sl) | Eropah Timur (ms)   |
| ...                   | ...            | ...                 |
| Bulgaria (fb:m.015qh) | 保加利亞 (zh-Hant) | ยุโรปตะวันออก (th)  |
| Bulgaria (fb:m.015qh) | 保加利亞 (zh-Hant) | 동유럽 (ko)            |
| Bulgaria (fb:m.015qh) | 保加利亞 (zh-Hant) | 东欧 (zh)             |
| Bulgaria (fb:m.015qh) | 保加利亞 (zh-Hant) | 東ヨーロッパ (ja)         |
| Bulgaria (fb:m.015qh) | 保加利亞 (zh-Hant) | 東歐 (zh-Hant)        |

The country with the ISO number of 100 located in Eastern Europe is Bulgaria (fb:m.015qh). The region Eastern Europe is identified as fb:m.09b69. The query includes optional labels for better readability.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
freebase at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/freebase

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
fb: <http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/
fbkey: <http://rdf.freebase.com/key/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
schema: <http://schema.org/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geosparql: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] Which country with the ISO number of 100 is located in Eastern Europe?

[Assistant] Let's start by looking at some similar examples.

[Tool]
Example 1:
Question:
Which country with an ISO less than 807 is located in the Balkan Peninsula?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  FILTER ( ?x != fb:m.01jjk ) FILTER ( ! isLiteral( ?x ) || lang( ?x ) = '' || langMatches( lang( ?x ) , 'en' ) ) fb:m.01jjk fb:location.location.contains ?x .
  ?x fb:base.biblioness.bibs_location.loc_type ?sk0 .
  FILTER ( str( ?sk0 ) = "Country" ) ?x fb:location.country.iso_numeric ?num .
  FILTER ( xsd:integer ( ?num ) < 807 ) .
}

Using entities:
Balkans, also known as Balkan Peninsula, Southeastern Europe, South Eastern Europe (fb:m.01jjk): The Balkan Peninsula, popularly referred to as the Balkans, is a...ount Musala 2,925 metres on the Rila mountain range in Bulgaria., has type Region

Using properties:
Type (fb:base.biblioness.bibs_location.loc_type): part of Bibs Location schema, links to type Text
ISO Numeric (fb:location.country.iso_numeric): links to type Enumeration, part of Country schema
Contains (fb:location.location.contains): part of Location schema, links to type Location

Example 2:
Question:
What country with an ISO under 100 borders Greece?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  FILTER ( ?x != fb:m.035qy ) FILTER ( ! isLiteral( ?x ) || lang( ?x ) = '' || langMatches( lang( ?x ) , 'en' ) ) fb:m.035qy fb:location.location.adjoin_s ?y .
  ?y fb:location.adjoining_relationship.adjoins ?x .
  ?x fb:common.topic.notable_types fb:m.01mp .
  ?x fb:location.country.iso_numeric ?num .
  FILTER ( xsd:integer ( ?num ) < 100 ) .
}

Using entities:
Country, also known as Empire (fb:m.01mp): The type country in Freebase can and should be used with a varie...s with little population or autonomy will be typed as a country.
Greece, also known as Hellas, Hellenic Republic (fb:m.035qy): Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic and known since ancient...ntainous, of which Mount Olympus is the highest peak at 2,917 m., has type Country

Using properties:
Notable types (fb:common.topic.notable_types): part of Topic schema, links to type Type
Adjoins (fb:location.adjoining_relationship.adjoins): part of Adjoining Relationship schema, links to type Location
ISO Numeric (fb:location.country.iso_numeric): links to type Enumeration, part of Country schema
Adjoins (fb:location.location.adjoin_s): links to type Adjoining Relationship, part of Location schema

Example 3:
Question:
With 5 countries bordering Romania, which country has the largest numeric ISO?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  FILTER ( ?x != fb:m.06c1y ) FILTER ( ! isLiteral( ?x ) || lang( ?x ) = '' || langMatches( lang( ?x ) , 'en' ) ) fb:m.06c1y fb:location.location.adjoin_s ?y .
  ?y fb:location.adjoining_relationship.adjoins ?x .
  ?x fb:common.topic.notable_types fb:m.01mp .
  ?x fb:location.country.iso_numeric ?num .
}
ORDER BY DESC ( xsd:integer ( ?num ) )
LIMIT 1

Using entities:
Country, also known as Empire (fb:m.01mp): The type country in Freebase can and should be used with a varie...s with little population or autonomy will be typed as a country.
Romania, also known as România (fb:m.06c1y): Romania is a unitary semi-presidential republic located in South...ina and Bessarabia united with the sovereign Kingdom of Romania., has type Country

Using properties:
Notable types (fb:common.topic.notable_types): part of Topic schema, links to type Type
Adjoins (fb:location.adjoining_relationship.adjoins): part of Adjoining Relationship schema, links to type Location
ISO Numeric (fb:location.country.iso_numeric): links to type Enumeration, part of Country schema
Adjoins (fb:location.location.adjoin_s): links to type Adjoining Relationship, part of Location schema

[Assistant]
From the examples, I see that the property for ISO numeric code of a country is fb:location.country.iso_numeric and the type for country is fb:m.01mp. Also, the region Eastern Europe might be represented as a location or region entity.

Next, I will search for the entity "Eastern Europe" in the knowledge graph to get its identifier.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Eastern Europe (fb:m.09b69): Eastern Europe is the eastern part of the European continent. Th...for statistical purposes by various supranational organizations., has type Location
2. Eastern Europe (fb:m.08_mv0z): has type Book Edition
3. Eastern Europe (fb:m.08sh4ch): has type Book Edition
4. Eastern Europe (fb:m.0fb5xtz): has type Musical Recording
5. Eastern Europe (fb:m.07_8bvs): has type Book Edition
6. Eastern Europe (fb:m.08s3z2v): has type Book Edition
7. Eastern Europe (fb:m.0dmg45l): has type Musical Recording
8. Eastern Europe (fb:m.0pltj8): has type Musical Recording
9. Eastern Europe (fb:m.0x2vplj): Slovakia, Hungary and Romania. The halfway point of the Hairy Bi...e, the choice of kings once more prized than any made in France., has type TV Episode
10. Eastern Europe (fb:m.0c7f7gv): has type Book Edition

[Assistant] The entity for Eastern Europe as a location is fb:m.09b69. Now I will build a SPARQL query to find the country with the ISO number 100 located in Eastern Europe. I will check if the country is contained in the Eastern Europe location and has the ISO numeric code 100.

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| country               |
| --------------------- |
| Bulgaria (fb:m.015qh) |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=refine):
The SPARQL query correctly identifies Bulgaria as the country with ISO number 100 located in Eastern Europe. However, the query can be improved for clarity and correctness: 1) The triple pattern for the region should bind the region variable to the country, but the current pattern uses ?region fb:location.location.contains ?country, which is correct but could be more explicit by ensuring the region is indeed Eastern Europe by matching the label correctly. 2) The type for country is given as fb:m.01mp (Empire), which might be too broad or incorrect; it would be better to use a more precise type for countries if available. 3) The FILTER uses xsd:integer(?iso) = 100, which is good, but ensure the datatype conversion is necessary and consistent with the data. 4) Optionally, include rdfs:label for the country and region in OPTIONAL clauses to provide human-readable names in the result. Overall, the answer is correct, but the query can be refined for better precision and readability.

[Assistant]
Thank you for the feedback. I will refine the query by:
1) Explicitly matching the region by its label "Eastern Europe" with a FILTER on rdfs:label.
2) Checking for a more precise type for countries.
3) Keeping the datatype conversion for ISO numeric.
4) Adding OPTIONAL clauses for rdfs:label for both country and region for better readability.

I will first check if there is a more precise type for countries than fb:m.01mp (Empire). I will search for types related to "country".

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Country, also known as Country music, Country & Western, Country and Western (fb:m.01lyv): Country music is a genre of American popular music that originat... various musical traditions from European immigrant communities., has type Musical genre
2. Country (fb:location.country)
3. Country (fb:m.01lff): A country is a region that is identified as a distinct entity in...in addition to the traditional countries or independent states"., has type Type of fictional setting
4. Country, also known as Empire (fb:m.01mp): The type country in Freebase can and should be used with a varie...s with little population or autonomy will be typed as a country.
5. Country (fb:m.03b17s): Country is a 1984 American film which follows the trials and tri... distinguishing between stories portrayed in movies and reality., has type Film
6. Winston Marshall, also known as “Country” Winston Marshall, Winston Aubrey Aladar Marshall, Country Winston Marshall, 'Country' Winston Marshall, Country Winston (fb:m.09tw27x): Winston Aubrey Aladar Marshall is a British musician, best known...ons's third album, Wilder Mind, Marshall is credited as 'WN5TN'., Winston Marshall is a member of the musical group Mumford & Sons. He appeared on the documentary film Big Easy Express., has type Composer
7. Country (fb:m.0fj3y20): has type Consumer product
8. Country (fb:m.04w20j7): Country was the first book published by Rolling Stone magazine c...ches called "the most beautiful prose written of country music.", has type Book
9. Country (fb:m.0383500): has type Musical Release
10. Country (fb:m.0p0bfb): has type Musical Recording

[Assistant]
The entity fb:location.country seems to be the property namespace for countries, but the type for countries is still fb:m.01mp (Empire) as per the previous examples. There is no more precise type for countries found in the search. So I will keep using fb:m.01mp for the country type.

Now I will refine the SPARQL query with the improvements mentioned: explicit label matching for Eastern Europe, optional labels for country and region, and keep the datatype conversion for ISO numeric.

[Tool] Got no rows and 4 columns

[Assistant]
The query returned no results, which means the label matching for the region might be case-sensitive or the label might have a different language tag or format.

I will try a different approach to match the region by its Freebase ID fb:m.09b69 (Eastern Europe) directly and add optional labels for country and region.

[Tool]
Got 1,760 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| country               | countryLabel   | regionLabel         |
| --------------------- | -------------- | ------------------- |
| Bulgaria (fb:m.015qh) | Bolgarija (sl) | Austrumeiropa (lv)  |
| Bulgaria (fb:m.015qh) | Bolgarija (sl) | Doğu Avrupa (tr)    |
| Bulgaria (fb:m.015qh) | Bolgarija (sl) | Đông Âu (vi)        |
| Bulgaria (fb:m.015qh) | Bolgarija (sl) | Eastern Europe (en) |
| Bulgaria (fb:m.015qh) | Bolgarija (sl) | Eropah Timur (ms)   |
| ...                   | ...            | ...                 |
| Bulgaria (fb:m.015qh) | 保加利亞 (zh-Hant) | ยุโรปตะวันออก (th)  |
| Bulgaria (fb:m.015qh) | 保加利亞 (zh-Hant) | 동유럽 (ko)            |
| Bulgaria (fb:m.015qh) | 保加利亞 (zh-Hant) | 东欧 (zh)             |
| Bulgaria (fb:m.015qh) | 保加利亞 (zh-Hant) | 東ヨーロッパ (ja)         |
| Bulgaria (fb:m.015qh) | 保加利亞 (zh-Hant) | 東歐 (zh-Hant)        |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=done):
The SPARQL query correctly identifies Bulgaria as the country with ISO number 100 located in Eastern Europe. It uses the appropriate properties and entities, including filtering by the ISO numeric code and checking containment within the Eastern Europe region. The query also includes optional labels for readability, which is a good practice. The execution result confirms that Bulgaria is the only country matching these criteria. Overall, the output is correct and complete.


PREFIX fb: <http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
SELECT DISTINCT ?country ?countryName WHERE {
  fb:m.07_m9_ fb:government.politician.government_positions_held ?position .
  ?position fb:government.government_position_held.appointed_by fb:m.0b393 .
  ?position fb:government.government_position_held.jurisdiction_of_office ?country .
  ?country rdfs:label ?countryName .
  FILTER ( lang( ?countryName ) = 'en' )
}

Paul von Hindenburg's political appointee, Adolf Hitler, controlled the country Nazi Germany.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
freebase at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/freebase

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
fb: <http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/
fbkey: <http://rdf.freebase.com/key/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
schema: <http://schema.org/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geosparql: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] Which country did Paul von Hindenburg's political appointee control?

[Assistant] Let's start by looking at some similar examples.

[Tool]
Example 1:
Question:
Paul von Hindenburg appointed a politician to their government position as part of what political party?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  FILTER ( ?x != ?c ) FILTER ( ! isLiteral( ?x ) || lang( ?x ) = '' || langMatches( lang( ?x ) , 'en' ) ) ?c fb:government.politician.government_positions_held ?k .
  ?k fb:government.government_position_held.appointed_by fb:m.0b393 .
  ?c fb:government.politician.party ?y .
  ?y fb:government.political_party_tenure.party ?x .
}

Using entities:
Paul von Hindenburg, also known as Generalfeldmarschall von Hindenburg, Hindenburg, Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg (fb:m.0b393): Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg, kno...pointed Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler as Chancellor of Germany., has type Politician

Using properties:
Appointed By (if Position is Appointed) (fb:government.government_position_held.appointed_by): part of Government Position Held schema, links to type Political Appointer
Party (fb:government.political_party_tenure.party): part of Political Party Tenure schema, links to type Political party
Government Positions Held (fb:government.politician.government_positions_held): links to type Government Position Held, part of Politician schema
Party (fb:government.politician.party): links to type Political Party Tenure, part of Politician schema

Example 2:
Question:
Paul von Hindenburg appointed a politician from which political parties?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  FILTER ( ?x != ?c ) FILTER ( ! isLiteral( ?x ) || lang( ?x ) = '' || langMatches( lang( ?x ) , 'en' ) ) ?c fb:government.politician.government_positions_held ?k .
  ?k fb:government.government_position_held.appointed_by fb:m.0b393 .
  ?c fb:government.politician.party ?y .
  ?y fb:government.political_party_tenure.party ?x .
}

Using entities:
Paul von Hindenburg, also known as Generalfeldmarschall von Hindenburg, Hindenburg, Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg (fb:m.0b393): Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg, kno...pointed Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler as Chancellor of Germany., has type Politician

Using properties:
Appointed By (if Position is Appointed) (fb:government.government_position_held.appointed_by): part of Government Position Held schema, links to type Political Appointer
Party (fb:government.political_party_tenure.party): part of Political Party Tenure schema, links to type Political party
Government Positions Held (fb:government.politician.government_positions_held): links to type Government Position Held, part of Politician schema
Party (fb:government.politician.party): links to type Political Party Tenure, part of Politician schema

Example 3:
Question:
Which party does the politician assigned by Paul von Hindenburg belong to?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {
  FILTER ( ?x != ?c ) FILTER ( ! isLiteral( ?x ) || lang( ?x ) = '' || langMatches( lang( ?x ) , 'en' ) ) ?c fb:government.politician.government_positions_held ?k .
  ?k fb:government.government_position_held.appointed_by fb:m.0b393 .
  ?c fb:government.politician.party ?y .
  ?y fb:government.political_party_tenure.party ?x .
}

Using entities:
Paul von Hindenburg, also known as Generalfeldmarschall von Hindenburg, Hindenburg, Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg (fb:m.0b393): Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg, kno...pointed Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler as Chancellor of Germany., has type Politician

Using properties:
Appointed By (if Position is Appointed) (fb:government.government_position_held.appointed_by): part of Government Position Held schema, links to type Political Appointer
Party (fb:government.political_party_tenure.party): part of Political Party Tenure schema, links to type Political party
Government Positions Held (fb:government.politician.government_positions_held): links to type Government Position Held, part of Politician schema
Party (fb:government.politician.party): links to type Political Party Tenure, part of Politician schema

[Assistant]
The examples show how to find politicians appointed by Paul von Hindenburg using the property fb:government.government_position_held.appointed_by with the entity fb:m.0b393 (Paul von Hindenburg). To answer the question about the country controlled by Paul von Hindenburg's political appointee, I need to find the appointee and then find the country they controlled.

Step 1: Identify Paul von Hindenburg entity in Freebase.
Step 2: Find politicians appointed by Paul von Hindenburg.
Step 3: Find the country controlled by these politicians.

I will start by searching for the entity of Paul von Hindenburg in Freebase to confirm the identifier.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Paul von Hindenburg, also known as Generalfeldmarschall von Hindenburg, Hindenburg, Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg (fb:m.0b393): Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg, kno...pointed Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler as Chancellor of Germany., has type Politician
2. Von Hindenburg, also known as Reichspräsident von Hindenburg, President Paul von Hindenburg, Paul von Hindenburgh, Paul von Hindenburg, Hindenburg (fb:m.0v9n35z): Von Hindenburg is a fictional representation of the second President of Germany, Paul von Hindenburg., has type Film character
3. Paul von Hindenburg (fb:m.02blr55)
4. Paul von Hindenburg (fb:m.09p39zp): has type Fictional Character
5. Paul von Hindenburg (fb:m.07r_1bn)
6. Paul von Hindenburg Gw hindenburg 01 (fb:m.0fsw0y8)
7. Liebermann portret van Paul von Hindenburg (fb:m.05mbwf2)
8. hermann goering manipulated paul von hindenburg (fb:m.0c1by3h)
9. paul von hindenburg appointed franz von papen (fb:m.0c1b_8x)
10. paul von hindenburg appointed hermann goering (fb:m.0c1b_95)

[Assistant] The entity for Paul von Hindenburg is fb:m.0b393. Next, I will find the politicians appointed by Paul von Hindenburg using the property fb:government.government_position_held.appointed_by. Then I will find the country they controlled. I will start by finding politicians appointed by Paul von Hindenburg.

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| politician                 |
| -------------------------- |
| Adolf Hitler (fb:m.07_m9_) |

[Assistant] Paul von Hindenburg appointed Adolf Hitler as a politician. Now I will find the country controlled by Adolf Hitler. I will look for properties related to Adolf Hitler that might indicate the country he controlled.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. Country of nationality (fb:people.person.nationality): part of Person schema, links to type Country
2. Place of birth (fb:people.person.place_of_birth): links to type Location, part of Person schema
3. Key (fb:type.object.key): part of Object schema, links to type Key
4. Date of birth (fb:people.person.date_of_birth): links to type Date/Time, part of Person schema
5. Name (fb:type.object.name): part of Object schema, links to type Text
6. Category (fb:base.kwebbase.kwtopic.category): part of KWTopic schema, links to type Text
7. Profession (fb:people.person.profession): links to type Profession, part of Person schema
8. Image (fb:common.topic.image): part of Topic schema, links to type Image
9. Condition (fb:medicine.notable_person_with_medical_condition.condition): part of Public figure with medical condition schema, links to type Disease or medical condition
10. Place of death (fb:people.deceased_person.place_of_death): part of Deceased Person schema, links to type Location

No other items found

[Assistant] There is no direct property indicating the country controlled by Adolf Hitler. However, Adolf Hitler was the Chancellor of Germany. I will search for properties related to government positions or leadership roles held by Adolf Hitler to find the country he controlled.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. Government Positions Held (fb:government.politician.government_positions_held): links to type Government Position Held, part of Politician schema
2. Official name (fb:base.schemastaging.context_name.official_name): part of Context name schema, links to type Text
3. Key (fb:type.object.key): part of Object schema, links to type Key
4. Religion (fb:people.person.religion): links to type Religion, part of Person schema
5. Military Commands (fb:military.military_commander.military_commands): part of Military Commander schema, links to type Military Command
6. Crime (fb:base.crime.crime_victim.crime): part of Crime victim schema, links to type Crime
7. Party (fb:government.politician.party): links to type Political Party Tenure, part of Politician schema
8. Image (fb:common.topic.image): part of Topic schema, links to type Image
9. Country of nationality (fb:people.person.nationality): part of Person schema, links to type Country
10. Appointees (fb:government.political_appointer.appointees): links to type Government Position Held, part of Political Appointer schema

No other items found

[Assistant] Adolf Hitler has the property fb:government.politician.government_positions_held which links to government positions he held. I will explore the government positions held by Adolf Hitler to find the country he controlled.

[Tool]
Got 2 rows and 1 column:
| position     |
| ------------ |
| fb:m.08_ksdj |
| fb:m.0pz073c |

[Assistant] Adolf Hitler held two government positions (fb:m.08_ksdj and fb:m.0pz073c). I will now check the details of these positions to find the country associated with them.

[Tool]
Got 9 rows and 3 columns:
| subject      | property                                                                                | object                                                            |
| ------------ | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------- |
| fb:m.08_ksdj | Type (fb:type.object.type)                                                                    | Government Position Held (fb:government.government_position_held) |
| fb:m.08_ksdj | Officeholder (fb:government.government_position_held.office_holder)                           | Adolf Hitler (fb:m.07_m9_)                                        |
| fb:m.08_ksdj | From (fb:government.government_position_held.from)                                            | 1933-01-30 (xsd:date)                                             |
| fb:m.08_ksdj | Office, position, or title (fb:government.government_position_held.office_position_or_title)  | Chancellor of Germany (fb:m.0gg0l)                                |
| fb:m.08_ksdj | Basic title (fb:government.government_position_held.basic_title)                              | Chancellor (fb:m.01fch0)                                          |
| fb:m.08_ksdj | Jurisdiction of office (fb:government.government_position_held.jurisdiction_of_office)        | Nazi Germany (fb:m.059z0)                                         |
| fb:m.08_ksdj | To (fb:government.government_position_held.to)                                                | 1945-04-30 (xsd:date)                                             |
| fb:m.08_ksdj | Appointed By (if Position is Appointed) (fb:government.government_position_held.appointed_by) | Paul von Hindenburg (fb:m.0b393)                                  |
| fb:m.08_ksdj | rdf:type                                                                                | Government Position Held (fb:government.government_position_held) |

[Assistant]
The government position fb:m.08_ksdj held by Adolf Hitler is Chancellor of Germany (fb:m.0gg0l) with jurisdiction of office Nazi Germany (fb:m.059z0). This position was appointed by Paul von Hindenburg.

I will check the other position fb:m.0pz073c to see if it also relates to a country.

[Tool]
Got 8 rows and 3 columns:
| subject      | property                                                                                | object                                                            |
| ------------ | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------- |
| fb:m.0pz073c | Type (fb:type.object.type)                                                                   | Government Position Held (fb:government.government_position_held) |
| fb:m.0pz073c | Officeholder (fb:government.government_position_held.office_holder)                          | Adolf Hitler (fb:m.07_m9_)                                        |
| fb:m.0pz073c | From (fb:government.government_position_held.from)                                           | 1934-08-02 (xsd:date)                                             |
| fb:m.0pz073c | Office, position, or title (fb:government.government_position_held.office_position_or_title) | Führer (fb:m.01f9sl)                                              |
| fb:m.0pz073c | Basic title (fb:government.government_position_held.basic_title)                             | Führer (fb:m.01f9sl)                                              |
| fb:m.0pz073c | Jurisdiction of office (fb:government.government_position_held.jurisdiction_of_office)       | Nazi Germany (fb:m.059z0)                                         |
| fb:m.0pz073c | To (fb:government.government_position_held.to)                                               | 1945-04-30 (xsd:date)                                             |
| fb:m.0pz073c | rdf:type                                                                                | Government Position Held (fb:government.government_position_held) |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=done):
The SPARQL query correctly identifies the country controlled by Paul von Hindenburg's political appointee, Adolf Hitler, as Nazi Germany. The query uses appropriate properties to link the politician to their appointed positions and the jurisdiction of those positions. The answer is accurate and complete, and the query returns the expected identifiers and labels. No further refinement is necessary.